| Since the implementation of the household contract responsibility system,for the purpose of higher agricultural output,farmers invest a large amount of fertilizer and pesticides,which inevitably leads to a wide range of cultivated land non-point pollution problem and seriously restrict the sustainable development of agriculture in China.Therefore,the control of cultivated land non-point pollution needs to be treated urgently,which is a necessary way to improve the efficiency of arable land utilization,ensure regional ecological security and realize the green development of agriculture.In recent years,China government has been actively promoting technical measures to control the cultivated land non-point pollution.The control of cultivated land non-point pollution has the attribute of public goods,so only relying on farmers' self-management will lead to insufficient incentive and low management efficiency.At present,as an economic incentive,ecological compensation has become a common experience of ecological environment protection by academic circles and governments.In essence,ecological compensation is to compensate the economic loss of the ecological protector stakes by redistribution of the benefits,and thus achieve a balance of interests among stakeholders.Although scholars and policy makers have realized that economic incentives are the primary issues to be considered in the design of pollution control policies for cultivated land non-point pollution,there is a lack of theoretical discussion and further related practical exploration on the policy of ecological compensation for non-point source pollution control of cultivated land.This study focuses on the theme of ecological compensation policy for the control of cultivated land non-point pollution.It discusses two core issues: Firstly,why ecological compensation could be applied to control the cultivated land non-point pollution;Secondly,how to design the ecological compensation policy of controlling the cultivated land non-point pollution.The research logic of this paper is "welfare analysis-compensation policy design-policy design and optimization".First of all,this paper analyzes the relationship between pollution control,ecological compensation and human ecological welfare of cultivated land non-point pollution in depth.Then the paper expounds the positive role of ecological compensation in improving the level of total social welfare systematically.Secondly,this paper constructs a game model based on stakeholder welfare conflict,and deeply deconstructs the mechanism of ecological compensation policy for thecontrol of cultivated land non-point pollution.Thirdly,based on the framework of ecological compensation and 1236 urban and rural residents' survey data,this paper empirically explores the compensation standard based on the dual perspectives of farmers' willingness to accept and urban residents' willingness to pay,and evaluates the compensation mode from the perspective of “household's preference”.Lastly,on the basis of the above research,this paper puts forward some countermeasures and suggestions to design and optimize the ecological compensation policy for cultivated land non-point pollution control.Through the above systematic research,the main conclusions of this paper are as follows:Firstly,ecological compensation for pollution control of cultivated land has a certain realistic demand and mass foundation.According to the production data of 641 farmers,87.81% of them had the problem of excessive fertilization,and the amount of chemical fertilizer applied per unit area was as high as 30.50 kg per mu,exceeding the optimal amount of 14.77 kg per mu.Besides,60.45% of farmers had the problem of excessive pesticides,and the amount of pesticide applied per unit area was as high as 0.87 kg per mu,exceeding the optimal amount of 0.31 kg per mu.The survey data of 1236 urban and rural residents show that:(1)Urban and rural residents generally believe that cultivated land non-point pollution has occurred in this area,and they have a high degree of recognition for the ecological and health benefits of non-point non-point pollution.(2)The average willingness to pay of urban residents for the control of cultivated land non-point pollution is532.15 RMB per household per year.The average willingness to accept of farmers for the control of cultivated land non-point pollution is 477.78 RMB per mu per year,which is less than the economic loss of controlling the cultivated land non-point pollution.Secondly,the logical relationship between non-point source pollution control of cultivated land,ecological compensation and human ecological welfare shows that: The control of cultivated land non-point pollution is an important means to protect the cultivated land ecosystem services and enhance human ecological welfare.Meanwhile,ecological compensation is an inevitable way in controlling cultivated land non-point pollution,balancing the welfare level of stakeholders and maximizing social welfare.Thirdly,the welfare game among stakeholders shows that in the control of cultivated land non-point pollution,the result of the game between farmers and urban residents is that "farmers do not govern,urban residents do not compensate",only with the intervention of the government,can the optimal strategy of "farmers governance,urban residentscompensation" be realized.In addition,the results of the game between farmers,urban residents and the government show that given comprehensively the cost-benefit relationship and affordability between farmers and urban residents,reasonable compensation amount and government incentive and punishment intensity are the necessary conditions to ensure the smooth operation of ecological compensation for the control of cultivated land non-point pollution.Fourthly,the results of compensation standard calculation from the perspective of farmers' compensation show that the marginal willingness to accept of reducing fertilizer and pesticide is 1.50 RMB per mu per year and 0.89 RMB per mu per year respectively;in the case of organic production,the willingness to accept of no fertilizer and pesticide is239.23 RMB per mu per year.The cost-benefit identification of farmers in the control of cultivated land non-point pollution is the focus and difficulty of this part of the research.Therefore,in the process of calculating the lower limit of farmers' compensation,this paper attempts to incorporate ecological benefits into the calculation of farmers' willingness to accept.The research results show that farmers' willingness to accept is less than their opportunity cost of participating in controlling pollution(574 RMB per mu per year)and the compensation standard of state's fallow farming policy(700 RMB per mu per year).The results further show the rationality of incorporating the ecological benefits of farmers into the calculation of ecological compensation standards.Fifthly,the compensation standard of urban residents' payment perspective shows that the marginal willingness to pay for reducing fertilizer and pesticide application is 2.34 RMB per household per year and 5.42 RMB per household per year respectively;in the organic production situation,urban residents willingness to pay is 776.50 RMB per household per year.As far as the whole research area is concerned,under the organic production situation,farmers' compensation is at least 382 million RMB,and urban residents' compensation is at most 756 million RMB.The comparison between them shows that ecological compensation has the advantage of economically feasible and maximizing social welfare.Sixly,the results of farmers' preference for ecological compensation of control cultivated land non-point pollution show that: Firstly,the probability of farmers choosing transfusion compensation is 82.25%,and the probability of choosing hematopoiesis compensation is 51.03%.The results of comparison show that the current design of ecological compensation policy basket should adhere to the principle of blood transfusion compensation as the main and hematopoietic compensation as the supplement.Secondly,there is a substitution relationship between farmers' choice of capital compensation,technology compensation,and the same between capital compensation and project compensation,material compensation and project compensation.There is a complementary relationship between material compensation and technology compensation.Finally,in view of the different influence factors on farmers' preference for the choice of ecological compensation methods,in the process of promoting blood transfusion compensation,farmers can be trained to understand the importance and necessity of blood transfusion compensation by means of policy publicity,education and training,so as to improve their acceptance of blood transfusion compensation.In order to guide the process of transforming transfusion compensation into hematopoietic compensation,we should follow the principle of gradual progress,giving priority to promoting hematopoiesis among farmers with male,young,highly educated,low degree of concurrent industry,large area of cultivated land,high degree of adoption of environment-friendly technology,high awareness of ecological function of cultivated land and high degree of policy understanding.The model effect of compensation will be formed,which will drive other farmers to radiate.Finally,in order to improve the control of cultivated land non-point pollution and ensure the smooth operation of ecological compensation policy,this paper puts forward proposals for designing and optimizing ecological compensation policies based on the systematic summary of the research conclusions,which can provide scientific basis and theoretical support for the government to crack the dilemma of the control of cultivated land non-point pollution and improve the ecological compensation framework. |
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