| Under the repaid development of market economy in China,the resource-based cities in Northeast China has entered into a new and challenged phase for further transitional development.It is necessary and profound to assess the level of transition by utilizing more mathematical and comprehensive methods.Analysis on economy-society-environment systems and its coordinated changes can provide an innovational angle to review the history of resource-based cities' transition development,and implied for politics and policy practices as well.Actually,the resource-based cities in Northeast China have been a special economic practice under certain communist backgrounds and have become a long-term social problem that needs to be solved.Accordingly,this study applied quantitative methodology based on geography,ecology,economy and other disciplines to compare and reveal the characteristics of transition at multiple scales.The panel data from 2000 to 2017 collected from 20 resource-based cities was utilized for index analysis,spatial distribution and comparison between cities and provinces.The paper is divided into eight chapters,and can be summaried into four core parts:First,by using the entropy,Theil index,H-P filter,and DEA methods,this study comprehensively evaluated the development of economy,society and environment realtively and found:(1)Economically,from 2000 to 2017,the total economy kept increasing annually.However,the numbers of how much the resource-based cities have achieved featured by pole-pole,in other words,the both numbers of cities that increased by most and least were small.There were three phases that the cities have experienced,which were highly associated with national policy practices and provincial politics and planning.(2)Socially,the overall unbalanced level of population special distribution in the Northeast was accelerated and the oily cities have a stronger ability for in-migrants than forestry,metallurgy and coal cities.Considered the developmental phase of individual resource-based cities,the mature cities were better at public services provision than both growing and declining cities.For the public services,the trend of the average level has experienced three stages,that were stable,floated and up going.(3)Environmentally,the living environmental transformation was better than the production environment.Basically,all the resource-based cities were at relatively low level of promotion of production environment.The special distribution showed that the cities located in the middle were performed better than the cities sited on the edge,which meant that location had an impact on the resource-based cities.Concerning to the living environmental changes,the special distributions was more likely dots in the map,non-relations between geographical locations.Second,the regression analysis supported by panel data showed that:(1)The resource-based cities' economic development in the Northeast have accomplished a lot success to some extent,and it is clearly that influence factors have contributed to different extent during different times.The third industry was important and contributed most,the impact of technology and openness of market seemed to need much more time.(2)During this process,the institutional transformation was the key factor for social development.It impacted on the enterprises conductions,market running and people's values especially for the whole area of the Northeast.(3)It is well known that the environment in resource-based cities in the Northeast has been dramatically damaged in the early time and it is difficulty to repair.Ever since 2000,the investment of environment improvement have been restricted and limited.Although the fast development of social capital and technology,people paid less attention of such subject,many new challenges and problems have occurred and are occurring are related to the environment.Third,combine the three systems as described before,the coordinated index was set to evaluate the level of comprehensive development in all resource-based cities.It revealed that:(1)The “pole-pole” feature was very common both specially and logistically.Anshan,Fushun and Panjin located at the south of Liaoning Province and scored higher than other cities,while Yichun,Qitaihe,Heihe who were at low level were mostly located on the north boarder of Heilongjiang Province,(2)Similarly,the economy-society-environment systems development experienced four stages from 2000 to 2017.According to the coordinating level,all the resource-based cities can be divided into three types,(3)Unsurprisingly,all the cities were drove by single sector rather than eco-socio-environ in the same pace.The coordinating level was lower than expected.And the number of cities were in high-level of coordinating development was relatively little,(4)The technical and educational development were beneficial for the coordination,and the impact was increasing,but the old institutional influence was still one of the most obstacles need to be solved.Last but not the least,politically it showed that policy makers and governmental department,upgrading the economic structure,introducing professionals and construct long-term environmental protection systems are three premier measures should be taken for further transition development for the Northeast China.For the future,the coordinating development should be built by introducing the basic principles and eco-sio-environ systems paths,including sustainable development,political and public support,and third part to help and evaluate.For example,offering additional benefits for the third industrial development,increasing the salary of high-educated professionals and co-operating with companies to work on the detailed project that is environment-friendly. |
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