Charge And Battery Swap Pricing Model And Policies Of Electric Vehicles

Due to the demand of energy saving,emission reduction and the future technology development,China has been implementing numerous policies to develop electric vehicles.The overview of electric vehicle policies indecates that improving the competitiveness of electric vehicles is helpful for their promotion and application.To improve the competitiveness of electric vehicles,this paper proposes a data envelopment analysis model with a gray connection restraint cone to compare the comprehensive performance of electric vehicles and internal combustion engine vehicles.This model uses environmental and economic indicators as input indexes and technology indicators as output indexes by considering the energy source structure,user charging regulations,peak-valley time-of-use charging prices,related electric vehicle finance policies and vehicle configuration parameters.The analysis results show that due to the superior environment and comprehensive performance of electric vehicles,the government should provide the policy support to promote the development of electric vehicles.However,the economic performance of electric vehicles is inferior to that of internal combustion engine vehicles.The energy-saving and emission-reduction effects of electric vehicles are closely related to their charging modes and charging rules.Therefore,it can realize the energy conversation of electric vehicles,reduce their operation cost and enhance their market competitiveness by utilizing the effective charge and battery swap pricing mechanism to guide users orderly charging and swapping.In order to design a reasonable charge and battery swap pricing mechanism,this paper considers both the charging mode and the batter swapping mode according to the different energy supply methods for electric vehicles.Due to the different service objects,this paper analyzes the charging pricing for public charging stations and private charging piles in the charging mode.Copmared with the popular charging mode,the battery swapping mode is not mature enough,and the high construction costs of battery swap stations have become one of the main reasons that hinder the promotion of the battery swapping mode.Therefore,before developing the battery swap pricing model,this paper first analyzes the investment operation strategy for battery swap stations.The purpose is to determine the key factors affecting the investment operation incomes of battery swap stations and promote the application of the battery swapping mode.To analyze the comprehensive benefits of electric vehicles in charging mode,this paper develops a real-time charge pricing model for public charging stations based on system dynamics.The model includes six modules:power consumption of electric vehicles,generator set dispatching,charge pricing,user response,benefit evaluation of all stakeholders and charging stations’ life-cycle net income.The empirical results indicate that real-time charge pricing based on the peak-valley time-of-use tariff is propitious for the existing development scale of electric vehicles.In addition,the government subsidies are important to drive electric vehicle development in the initial period.However,it should be phased out to reduce the financial burden accompanying the amplification of the scale of electric vehicles.Sensitivity analysis proves that the model is robust,and the increased charging power of electric vehicles is beneficial for charging service operators.This paper develops a charge pricing model for private charging piles by considering the environmental and economic effects of private electric vehicle charging energy sources and the impact of private charging pile charging load on the total load.This model simulates users’ responses to different combinations of peak-valley prices based on the charging power of private charging piles and user charging transfer rate.According to the regional power structure,it calculates the real-time coal consumption,carbon dioxide emissions reduction,and power generation costs of private electric vehicles on the power generation side.The empirical results demonstrate that the proposed peak-valley time-of-use charging price can not only minimize the peak-valley difference of the total load but also improve the environmental effects of private electric vehicles and the economic income of the power system.The case study indicates that the proposed peak,average,and valley price in Beijing should be 1.8,1,and 0.4 yuan/kWh,which can promote the large-scale adoption of private electric vehicles.The sensitivity analysis shows that the load-shifting effect of private charging piles will be more obvious when magnifying the number of private electric vehicles by using the proposed charging price.To enhance the energy saving,emission reduction and economic benefits of battery swap stations,this paper develops a real-time investment operation model and proposes three charging strategies for battery swap stations.The model considers the energy source of battery swap stations,the purchase of charging-swapping device and the charging arrangement of batteries,which includes five modules:battery management,load monitoring,energy supply,investment operation,and life-cycle analysis.The simulation results demonstrate that the charging strategy which concentrates the charging of battery during the valley period displays the minimum peak-valley load difference of the power grid and the greatest energy-saving and emission-reduction effect.According to the sensitivity analysis,battery costs and the battery swapping price are the key factors that influence the life-cycle net incomes of battery swap stations.Thus,under the existing battery technology,the government should guid the users to orderly swap batteries with the effective battery swap pricing mechanism.To enhance the energy-saving and emission-reduction effect of electric vehicles,this paper develops a real-time battery swap pricing model for battery swap stations from the perspective of system.The battery swap pricing system covers various factors and stakeholders that have significant impacts on battery swap pricing.So the proposed model includes five modules:power grid load monitoring,generator set dispatch,battery swap station operation,electric taxi driver response and evaluation of all stakeholders’ benefits.The simulation results demonstrate that battery swap pricing based on a peak-valley time-of-use tariff with a decentralized charging strategy has the greatest energy efficiency and economic effects.Finally,this paper proposes policy suggestions for the charge and battery swap pricing of electric vehicles according to the simulation analysis of models.