| Architecture and decoration are the material wealth and civilization that humans have accumulated during their long-life practice.They are also the accumulated culture and history.The national architecture that has regional characteristics,owns rich cultural connotation,highlights national style and interprets historical context is of great research value.Whether it is the study of primitive civilization,the vicissitude of residential buildings and decorative forms or the study of art history,you can observe materials,obtain inspirations,draw theories and even build up academic systems all from these architectures with ethnic characteristics.The traditional architecture form and decoration style of Tujia in Shuangfeng village are the historical picture scroll featured in the folk customs of Tujia with their own wisdom.It is simple,concise and dignifies which is also the essence of the national culture of Tujia minority.In order to preserve,inherit and utilize the traditional culture of Tujia,this paper studies on the traditional residential architecture and decoration of Shuangfeng village by applying various research methods including literature research,field survey,images,comparison and social art to reveal its form,meanings underneath and its source.It carries out an in-depth research and discusses the form and characteristics of the traditional residential architectures and decorations of the traditional residential architecture in Shuangfeng village.It explores and interprets the culture underneath,as well as probes into the facts how the architecture and decoration of these traditional dwellings formed like this.It provides a series of practical suggestions and measures for the inheritance,preservation and utilization of the traditional architectures and decorations in Shuangfeng village.The architecture form and decoration style of the traditional dwellings in Shuangfeng village maintain the most primitive ethnic features.The structure of the traditional architecture is all made of wood.It is column and tie construction connected by mortise and tenon with one bright and three dark sides.The architecture building usually has two floors.Most of them are in linear form and a few are stilted buildings.Its decoration focuses on the upper roof ridge,cornices and the central door or window.The decoration style reflects the simple lifestyle and aesthetics interests of Tujia people.It is characterized by the simplicity of materials,images and designs,compositions,the elements of compositions and colors.On the contrary,part of the decorations reflects the gorgeous style and exquisite craftmanship,while the design concept pursues the expression of freedom under principle of following the beauty of form.It represents a type of freedom of element compositions through breaking the rule of“symmetry".The main colors of grey and black also indicate the traditional characteristics of this nationality.The architecture and decoration of the traditional residence in Shunagfeng village is a significant civilization which has been deposited for more than 1,000 years with a profound cultural connotation.Its architectural layout is backed by mountains and rives and distributed in a shape of the Chinese character "water" with the combination of Yin and Yang.It is built near the mountains,following the mountains ’ shape,reflecting the environmental idea of harmony between man and nature and the safety concept of tending to the sun instead of shades.The residential form reflects the value pursued by Shuangfeng people:the linear-shaped house indicates the idea of life;the L-shaped house reflects the concept of better left;and the concave-shaped house represents the willing of bless.The division of space embodies the ethical concept of the Tujia family,including the idea of Shang Zhong,the worship of ancestors,the order of generations and the concept male superiority and female inferiority.Its decoration style has a profound cultural significance.The consciousness of safety to avoid evil and disaster is demonstrated by the meaning of design and geometric pattern of doors and windows;the devout religious beliefs including the worship towards earth,ancestors and gods are expressed with earthen shrines,god shrines,figures and geometric patterns;it expresses their moral aspirations with the images of plants,animals and characters,such as the pursuit of morality,the yearning for the ethical demeanor,the persistence of will and the bursting of emotional feelings.They tend to express their desire for fudge in a variety of decorative ways.The formation of the traditional residential architecture and decorations in Shuangfeng village is mainly restricted by the natural,economic and cultural environments.Natural climate,geography and local products lead to the appearance of stilted buildings and wooden frames of Tujia and even Shuangfeng village.There are several reasons including the history of Shuangfeng village,the traditional beliefs and the philosophy of Tujia,determine the emergence of the specific architectural and decorative forms in Shuangfeng village.The forms include waving hall,Tuwang temple,sculpture of Tuwang,sculpture of dragon and phoenix.The cultural communication between ethnic groups has an important impact on the architecture and decoration of Tujia traditional residence.In Shuangfeng village,maple trees are utilized as building materials and butterflies are applied to decorative patterns.The establishment of roof sills is resulted from the influence of Miao culture.However,the halls,shrines,lanterns,couplets,some animal and plant patterns such as phoenix,deer and elephant,as well as carving techniques are influenced by the culture of Han.The architecture and decoration of Shuangfeng traditional residence are the historical and cultural symbols of the development of Tujia with great historical and cultural value.The beauties from nature,harmony,tranquility,architectural decorations and rhythm of its residential architecture are of great artistic value and will bring great economic value by protecting and utilizing them.At present,the traditional architecture and decoration in Shuangfeng village are increasingly damages.The millennium village is facing a crisis of gradually disappearance which calls for imminent protection.It is urgent for villagers and the government to work together to repair and utilize it,and to exert its economic value on the basis of protection and utilization as well as to realize the inheritance and development of Tujia civilization. |
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