A Study On Scenic Spots Of Kangxi Emperor Period In Chengde Summer Resort

In remaining imperial gardens,Mountain Resort is representative because of its scale,function and style,and also characteristic because of its geographical position and founding reasons.The construction of Mountain Resort covered the ages from Kangxi Period to Qianlong Period.Previous studies attached much greater importance to Qianlong Period than Kangxi Period,and a lot of problems about Mountain Resort in early time are still unclear.The paper combines historical materials and field research,investigates mainly scenery points in Mountain Resort during Kangxi Period,studies the characteristics and style in the stage,and explores concepts and thoughts of Mountain Resort in early Qing Dynasty.There are nine chapters in this paper,and can be divided into four parts.Firstly the paper overviews historical documents and determined their times,screens out meaningful sections for research;then researches the whole story of construction activity in early stage,and defines timeline,than studies the terrain and water system of the two stages in Kangxi Period.And then separately investigate reaches and the number and distribution of scenery points of the palace in different time,and concluded two master plans of both of the two periods.Sencondly the paper selects nine representative scenery points,compare present situation and historical documents especially historical images,deduce situations in different stages of Kangxi Period,investigate micromorphology and specific layout of the courtyards and forms of architectures.Than draw imaginary plans,sections and bird-view plans of these scenery points.On this basis,the paper builds relative accurate mathematical models.Take the three islands and mountain for example,the paper preliminarily simulates the micromorphology,the courtyards and architectures,than analyzes the evolvement reasons and regularities from functions,spaces,visions and other views.Meanwhile,the paper compares Kangxi Period and successive alteration in Qianlong Period,attempts to find out the characteristics in common and individualities in Kangxi Period,and analyzes the style and methods of during that time.Finally the paper summarizes concepts and thoughts of Mountain Resort in Kangxi Period,appraises its position in imperial gardens of Qing Dynasty,and its influence on later age of Chinese landscape architecture.Research suggests that the construction of Chengde Summer Resort in Kangxi Emperor Period is a comprehensive project integrating landscape architecture,water conservancy and urban planning.It has profound influence on not only itself,but also Chengde city and subsequent imperial gardens of Qing dynasty.The construction begined from three islands and Zhijingyundi,went through two stages and lasted for ten years.The scenic spots of first phase of project were mainly concentrated in the lake area,and had constructed three islands as the core,and mountainous area also had a preliminary construction at the same time,which had discovered three valleys,Hazelnut Valley,Pear Valley and Pine and Cloud Gorge,and four high grounds of the mountain;in the second phase it is mainly extended to south and southeast in the lake area.In order to save the cost and the people’s strength,the scenic spots are constructed under suitable local conditions,preferred plain to exquisite,and formed a clear,simple and natural style.The construction scenic spots had profound understanding and flexible utilization to local conditions and the concept of borrowing scene,and attached great importance to the link among each other instead of their internal space construction,the phenomenon of borrowing scene among each other is much stronger than other imperial gardens in Qing dynasty.The ten years’construction had lay a foundation of the Chengde Summer Resort for over 300 years,and initially built the most scenic spots in the lake area and the plain area,and built part of scenic spots in the mountainous area.Some scenic spots in the lake area and the palace area are quite different compared with the present.Some of them have different in the two phases Kangxi Emperor Period,and the scenic spots in the mountainous area are continued to this day.In the light of historical materialism,there are following innovative points in this paper.1 The imbalance in previous studies of Chengde Summer Resort that attach more importance to present than past is made up,and the blank in the study of Chengde Summer Resort during Kangxi Emperor Period is filled.2 The construction of Mountain Resort is regarded as a dynamic process,therefore the style and features of Chengde Summer Resort in historical period is investigated,the document and monuments are mutually corroborated,and some problems that did not so clear in earlier times of Chengde Summer Resort are clarified.3 The scenic spots in historical period are virtually restored,and on the basis quantitative analysis is conducted.The research on Mountain Resort of early stage is wished to update the cognition about the development of ancient garden,and develop a new approach to understand history of Chinese landscape architecture.