| As one of the effective means to solve the energy shortage,carbon dioxide emissions,and use of green energy,the new energy vehicle industry has developed rapidly around the world.China is one of the most important markets in the global new energy vehicle industry,and has achieved world-renowned achievements.In 2019,China sold 1.206 million new energy vehicles,accounting for 54.6% of global sales.Although it was slightly lower than 1.256 million in 2018,it still maintained the number one position in the world.The installed capacity of power batteries and the number of charging infrastructure constructions,which are closely related to the vehicle,have reached to a new record.In 2019,China’s installed capacity of power batteries was 62.2GWh,accounting for 54% of the world’s total;the global public charging infrastructure increased by 299,000 units,and China added 216,000 units.The rapid growth of the new energy vehicle market is due to the strong support of government policies,the market-oriented application and technology innovation.The business model is an important medium for transferring the value of technology innovation to the market.The development of the new energy vehicle industry is crucial,so business model innovation has become a hot topic for discussion in industry and academia.Today,with the accelerated integration of various technologies such as vehicles and hydrogen fuel,unmanned driving,5G,and wireless charging,the business model of new energy vehicles driven by new technologies is undergoing rapid changes.With more cross-industry and emerging industry stakeholders participating in,the business model has broken through the boundaries of enterprises and has risen to the industrial level.From these phenomena,it is not difficult to find that the multi-social factors represented by policy support and strategic guidance,as well as technology innovation,have exerted varying degrees of influence on the business model innovation.China is the most active market representative of business model innovation in the new energy vehicle industry.Therefore,the innovation problem of business model for China’s new energy vehicle will be a system problem involving the transitional changes of all elements in the whole system.The dynamic evolution of the path of this functional system is crucial to the development of the new energy vehicle industry.This research will take this as a starting point and study the innovative path evolution of the business model of China’s new energy vehicle industry from the perspective of sociotechnic systems.This research clarifies the concepts of new energy vehicles and new energy vehicle industry,firstly,summarizes sociotechnic system,business model innovation,new energy vehicle industry,and the relationship between sociotechnic system and business model,as well as sociotechnic system and business model innovation application in the field of new energy vehicle.Secondly,it analyzes the development status and general trends of the market,policies,technologies and business models of the new energy vehicle industry.Then,based on theoretical research and new energy vehicle industrial development practices,this research puts social and technical factors into a unified system to build a new energy sociotechnic system,and proposes a new model of new energy vehicle business model innovation driven by "society-technology".The innovation model includes six first-level elements that three social elements of production-side participation,consumer-side participation,and industrial policy,two technological elements of technological innovation and new products or services,and market competition element,and analyses the impact of business model innovation and 17 second-level elements’ scope in the new energy vehicle industry.This paper uses the Q method to classify the different innovation types of the new energy vehicle business model innovation model via collecting 33 Q samples and 32 P samples,further obtains different types of new energy vehicle business model innovation models driven by "society-technology".Then,using a multi-level analysis framework,a path model of China’s new energy vehicle business model innovation under different types was built,and typical business model innovation paths under different business model innovation types was analyzed detailed as well.On the basis of path analysis,system dynamics is used to analyze the transition reasons and evolutionary conditions of the three major types of business model innovations: social factor-led,technological factorled,and "society-technology" dual-driven.Finally,this paper selects typical cases of business model innovation in China’s new energy vehicle industry: Shenzhen bus financing lease,Changsha Baidu’s driverless electric taxi,Shenzhen BYD vehicle sales,Qingdao Xuejiadao power exchange model,Shanghai EVCARD car-sharing for case studies.Through research,this article draws the following conclusions:(1)The "society-technology" dual-driven new energy vehicle business model innovation model proposed in this paper conforms to the actual development of new energy vehicle industry.It has theoretical significant to divide business model innovation types based on model elements and elements relationship and evolute the business model innovation paths of China’s new energy vehicle industry.It is one of the important innovation points of this paper.(2)The second innovation point is that getting three innovation types of new energy vehicle business model.This paper obtains three types of new energy vehicle business model innovation: social factor-led,technological factor-led,and "societytechnology" dual-driven.The "society-technology" dual-driven business model innovation types specifically include three sub-types production-side participation under the "society-technology" dual driven,consumer-side participation under the "social-technological" dual driven,and regulation of market competition under the "society-technology" dual drivenn.(3)Analyzing the innovation path of business model different types is the third innovation point.China’s new energy vehicle business model innovation under different categories shows: under the three business model innovation categories,there are five business model innovation paths,namely,innovation path driven by social factors,innovation path driven by technological factors,innovation path for the participation of the production side under "society-technology" dual driven,innovation path for the participation of the consumer side under "society-technology" dual driven,and innovation path for the regulation of market competition under "society-technology" dual driven.(4)The analysis of business model innovation path evolution of China’s new energy vehicle industry shows that the business model innovation path follows the industrial development sequence,alternately or simultaneously.P1 and P2 mostly appeared in the period when the social-technical system was immature,that is,the early stage of emerging industries.The P31,P32,and P33 are subject to the "social-technical" joint effect.Each innovation path is generally affected by the top-down landscape,regime,and technological niche.When a certain element weakens,the upper-level element directly acts on the next level.(5)Through the application of system dynamics,the analysis of the reasons and conditions for the transformation of the three types of business model innovations shows:(1)Technical elements was affected by enhanced external landscape directly,furthermore,business model innovation transformed into the type of technological factor-led.(2)When the technological niche become strengthened,the immature technological niche on the production and consumption sides will develops into mature,then business model innovation transformed from social factors-led into "society and technology" dual driven.(3)The condition for shifting from technology factors-led to the“social-technical” dual-driven innovation type is not affected by landscape.The technological niche will develop from immature to maturity,the industrial chain will be innovated,and business model innovation will strengthen with the support of social factors.(6)The case analysis shows that: Shenzhen bus financing lease,Changsha Baidu’s driverless electric taxi,Shenzhen BYD vehicle sales,Qingdao Xuejiadao power exchange model,Shanghai EVCARD car-sharing are typical examples of business model innovation in China’s new energy vehicle industry.The evolution process of China’s new energy vehicle industry is verified.And the constructed models of energy vehicle industry are all rational. |
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