| Lipids are the main components of feed having the highest energy values as compared to other nutrients.Now days,due to the high energy prices,much attention is paid towards in capitalizing the application of lipids as feed experts were making effort to enhance the dietary energy mass to fulfill the necessities of high yielding poultry species.The digestion and absorption of fats completed through various physiological processes which includes fats breaking up into tiny droplets,their emulsification,break down through action of lipase enzyme,micelles formation,transportation of that micelle to the way of gut epithelia and exclusion of end products.In initial phase of chick's life,low amount of bile is secreted which increases with advancement in phase of life resulting in little bile salt pool in young birds due to deprived fat digestibility and unproductive re-absorption of bile salts.Therefore,these young birds are not capable to restock bile salts lost via excretion in contrast to old age birds because of their limited ability to manufacture bile acids.There is a need to investigate the main factors which are involved in restraining the digestion and accessible energy worth of incorporated fats in the diets,and to device policies to improve fats employment in poultry feed.Considering the importance of above mentioned facts,a series of experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of sodium stearoyl-2 lactylate on broiler(Trial 1-Trial 2),high dose response(Trial 3)and compared the effects between the SSL and soy lecithin and further investigate their possible mechanism(Trial 4-Trial 5).The main findings are given below:Trial 1:Growth,Serum Biochemical Indices and Antioxidant Status of Broiler Chickens Fed Diet Supplemented with Sodium stearoyl-2-lactylate This experiment was performed to examine the effect of sodium stearoyl-2-lactylate(SSL)on growth,antioxidants enzymes and meat quality of broilers fed low energy diets(PC).A total of 288 Arbor Acre broilers were randomly distributed into four groups in complete randomized experimental design.The experimental groups were as:1)PC:control was fed with the diet without adding any emulsifier,2)P1:Low energy diet(LED)+ 0.025%SSL,3)P2:LED + 0.05%SSL and 4)P3:LED + 0.1%SSL,respectively.Findings in our study demonstrated that chicks fed with P2 diet had greater(P<0,05)average daily feed intake(ADFI),daily weight gain(ADG),and feed conversion ratio(FCR)compared to PC during 0-21 days.From 21-42 days and overall experiment,ADG and ADFI were statistically higher(P<0.05)in P3 as compared to other groups.The best FCR during whole experimental period(0-42d)was observed in P3 as compared with control and other treatments.Moreover,pancreas and thymus weights were significantly(P<0.05)improved in P2 and P3,while spleen weight was found to be higher(P<0.05)in P3 followed by P2 then PI compared to PC.Furthermore,birds treated with P3 showed the lowest(P<0.05)values of serum total cholesterol and highest total protein,while,serum glucose was improved in P3 followed by PI and P2 at 42 days of age.In addition,serum concentration of malondialdehyde(MDA)depressed(P<0.05)in P3 and P2 groups and GSH-Px activity was increased(P<0.05)in P3 comparing with other groups.It can be concluded that dietary supplementation of SSL(0.025%-0.1%)in low energy diets exhibited similar or more effective effects on growth performance than the high metabolizable energy diet.However,the use of 0.1%SSL can be effective to improve the growth and antioxidant status of broiler.Trial 2:The Efficacy of Dietary Sodium Stearoyl-2 Lactylate Supplementation on Nutrient Digestibility,Meat Quality and Digestive Enzyme Activities of Broiler ChickenThe present study was aimed to investigate the impact of dietary supplementation of Sodium staeroyl-2-lactylate on nutrient digestibility,meat quality and digestive enzyme activities in broilers,A total of 288 day-old Arbor Acre broilers were distributed into four groups in a 42-days experiment using complete randomized design.The experimental groups were as follows:1)PC:the control which fed the basal diet,2)P1:low energy diet(LED)+ 0.025%sodium staeroyl-2-lactylate(SSL),3)P2:LED + 0.05%SSL and 4)P3:LED + 0.1%SSL respectively.Results showed that birds fed with P3 and P2 diets showed significantly better(P<0.05)digestibility of gross energy,dry matter and crude protein during 19-21 days,while ether extract improved in P3 group.During 40-42 days,the gross energy utilization improved(P<0.05)in P3,while ether extract digestibility was statistically increased(P<0.05)in P3 followed by P2.The activities of lipase and trypsin in jejunal contents enhanced significantly(P<0.05)by supplementary P3(SSL 0.1%).The supplementation of SSL at 0.1%and 0.05%levels showed significant decrease(P>0.05)in breast muscle drip loss 48 hrs post slaughter.Similarly,thigh muscle drip loss at 48 hrs post slaughter was significantly decreased(P<0.05)in P3(SSL 0.1%).Moreover,P3(SSL 0.1%)group showed significantly decreased lightness(L*)and increased redness(a)of breast muscle similarly,chicken fed with P3 and P2 diets,showed decreased thigh muscle lightness(L*)and increased in redness a values.Furthermore,breast muscle MDA content decreased in all SSL supplemented groups however,the difference was non significant between various treatments.It was concluded that dietary supplementation of SSL in low energy diets could enhance the digestibility of various nutrients;increased the activities of lipase and trypsin in the jejunal content and improved meat quality of broilers.Based on these findings it can be recommended to supplement broiler low-energy diet with 0.1%SSL for better nutrient digestibility and meat quality.Trial 3:Effect of High Dose Response of Dietary Sodium Stearoyl-2 Lactylate on Performance,Relative Organ Weight,Intestinal Morphology and Serum Enzyme Activities of Broilers This study was aimed to examine the high dose response of dietary sodium stearoyl-2-lactylate(SSL)on the performance,intestinal morphology and serum enzyme activities of broilers.A total of 216 Arbor Acre day old chicks were used in a 42-days experiment using complete randomized design.Chickens were assigned into three groups with 6 replicates per group and 12 birds per replicate as:1)PC:the control which fed with the basal diet,2)SSL1:low energy diet(LED)+ 0.25%SSL,and 3)SSL2:LED + 0.50%SSL.The results showed that chicken diet supplemented with 0.25%SSL showed higher(P<0.05)average daily gain(ADG)during 0-21,21-42 and 0-42 days as compared to other treatments.From 21-42 days,SSL1 group had higher ADFI while,during overall experiment,the FCR was improved in similar treatment.Moreover,decreased(P<0.05)relative weight of jejunum was recorded in SSL2 group at 21st day while,at 42nd day of experiment,the P3 group showed decreased relative weights of duodenum and jejunum.Furthermore,at 21 day,SSL1 group showed significantly lower(P<0.05)serum total cholesterol;while serum triglycerides decreased and increased glucose were observed in SSL1 and SSL2 groups.At 42 day,serum total cholesterol and triglycerides were decreased while,serum glucose and total protein levels significantly(P<0.05)increased in SSL1 and SSL2 groups.Moreover,chicken supplemented with SSL2 diet significantly increased(P<0.05)serum aspartate and alanineaminotransferase,creatinin and urea.In addition,the duodenal villus widths,villus heights(VH)and jejunal villus heights(VH)were significantly improved in SSLl whereas;the lowest villus height(VH)and duodenal crypts depth were recorded in SSL2 group.Results of high dose response of SSL indicated that supplementing broiler up to 0.25%was still beneficial for growth performance and intestinal morphology of broiler without significant adverse effects while 0.5%SSL might cause toxicity to broiler.Trial 4:Effect of Sodium Stearoyl-2 Lactylate and Soy Lecithin on Growth Performance,Nutrient Digestibility and Hepatic Antioxidant Capacity Parameters of Broiler Chicken Sodium stearoyl-2 lactylate(SSL)and soy lecithin were evaluated as dietary fat replacers by measuring growth performance,nutrient utilization and antioxidant status of broiler.A total of 240 day-old Arbor Acre broiler chicks were used in a complete randomized design experiment for 42-days.Birds were allotted into four groups with 5 replicates and 12 birds per replicate.The control group(PC)was fed with a basal,while other groups were fed as ii)SL1(low energy diet(LED)+ 0.05%soy lecithin);ii)SL2(LED)+ 0.1%soy lecithin)and iii)SSL(LED + 0.1%SSL).During starter,grower and over all experiment periods,chicken fed with soy lecithin and SSL has higher average daily gain(ADG)and average daily feed intake(ADFI)compared with PC(control).Furthermore,from 0-21 days,chickens fed with SL1 diet showed better feed conversion ratio(FCR)(P<0.05),whereas,during grower phase(21-42d),better(P<0.05)FCR was recorded when broilers were fed with SSL diet as compared with the PC group.Moreover,during over all experiment(0-42d)higher(P<0.05)FCR was observed in SSL and SL2 treatments compared to SL1 and PC groups.During 19-21 day,the digestibility of dry matter(DM),gross energy(GE)and ether extract(EE)were increased(P<0.05)in chickens fed with SSL and SL2 diets.Similarly,during day 40-42,utilization of GE and ether extract were relatively higher(P<0.05)in SSL as compared with the PC group,while there was no difference was recorded in DM and CP utilization(P>0.05).In addition,chicken fed with SL2 had decreased MDA contents and increased hepatic enzyme activities of CAT,T-SOD and TAOC(P<0.05).In conclusion,feeding SSL and soy lecithin at 0.1%in low energy diet provided by palm oil have similar effects on growth performance of broilers,whereas,soy lecithin seems to exhibit strong antioxidant ability in broiler.Trial 5:Impact of Sodium Stearoyl-2 Lactylate and Soy Lecithin on Lipids Metabolism and Nutrient Transporters Gene Expression Level in Jejunum of Broilers The present study investigated the effects of sodium staeroyl-2 lactyalte(SSL)and soy lecithin on protein,fat and carbohydrate metabolism and key genes associated with their metabolism in the jejunum of broiler.A total of 240 day-old Arbor Acre broiler chicks were used in a complete randomized design experiment for 42-days.Birds were allotted into four experimental groups with 5 replicates and 12 birds per replicate.The control group(PC)was fed with a basal diet without emulsifier,while other groups were fed as:SSL(low energy diet(LED)+ 0.1%SSL),SL1(LED + 0.05%soy lecithin)and SL2(LED+ 0.1%soy lecithin)respectively.In this study,the total serum cholesterol was decreased in SSL,SL2 followed by SL1 groups while serum triglyceride concentrations were significantly decreased in SL2 and SL1 groups(P<0.05);whereas,serum LDL cholesterol decreased in SSL and SL2 group(P<0.05).In addition,serum glucose was significantly higher in SL2 and SSL treatments whereas serum total proteins were increased in SSL group(P<0.05).At 21st day of the experiment,highest relative liver weight was recorded in SSL group followed by SL2.Furthermore,at 42 nd day of trial,chicken fed with SSL and SL2 diets showed significantly higher relative weight of liver and jejunum(P<0.05),whereas,bursa and spleen weights were found to be higher in SSL group(P<0.05).The expression of jejunal s-yllat2,FABP and FAS genes were up-regulated in SSL and SL2 group(P<0.05)whereas CD36 and PPARa were up regulated only in SSL group(P<0.05).Similarly,GLU2 expression was up regulated in SSL followed by SL2 groups(P<0.05).However,apoB remained unaffected amongst all treatment groups(P>0.05).Our findings indicated that SSL(0.1%)and soy lecithin(0.1%)can alter the serum metabolites levels by affecting nutrients transporter gene expression in jejunum.In summary,these results indicated that supplementation of SSL(0.025%-0.1%)in low energy diet showed similar or more effective effects on growth performance than the high metabolizable energy diet.The beneficial effects of SSL(0.1%,the optimal level in low energy diet)on growth performance were similar to soy lecithin(0.1%).The possible mechanism for such beneficial effects might be related with enhanced nutrient absorption via affecting nutrient transporter gene expression in jejunum.In low energy diet,supplementation of 0.25%SSL was still exhibited beneficial effects on growth and intestinal morphology while 0.5%causes toxicity to broiler. |
PDF Full Text Request