| There are various forms of soil and water conservation measures in the Loess Plateau,including afforestation,grass planting,terracing,dam system construction,ecological engineering,etc.After years of management,the vegetation coverage of the Loess Plateau has improved significantly.The amount of sediment entering the Yellow River has decreased from 1.6 billion tons in the last century to 0.3 billion tons in recent years,and the biodiversity has been restored.In the existing research on the application of soil and water conservation technology to farmers,engineering measures(slope control,ditch control,sand control,water conservancy project),biological measures(tree planting,grass planting)and tillage measures are often discussed together,while in reality,the engineering measures and biological measures are often invested by the government(such as building a valley,returning farmland to forest,etc.),with the participation of farmers;but as to tillage measures,farmers are the main body of implementation,and can active select technology according to their own wishes and needs.The government is mainly responsible for technology promotion services.Driven by the interest mechanism,farmers make technology selection and adoption behavior.Compared with the traditional tillage technology,the farmers applied soil and water conservation tillage technology to agricultural production,which significantly reduced runoff erosion,improved soil and increased agricultural output.With the development of rural reform and labor market,the heterogeneity of farmers in economy,resources and society is becoming more and more prominent.These differences lead to the change of farmers’ dependence on land,and then affect the farmers’ adoption of soil and water conservation tillage technology.Scholars pay more attention to the impact of resource endowment of farmers on the adoption of soil and water conservation technology.What is the mechanism of the effect of farmers’ resource endowment on the adoption of soil and water conservation tillage technology? How the resource endowment of farmers affects the cognition,willingness,decision-making(including the intensity of technology adoption)and effect of technology adoption has not been paid attention to in the domestic and international research.To solve the above problems is the key to improve farmers’ adoption of soil and water conservation tillage technology and promote the construction of ecological civilization.In this paper,through the theory of planned behavior,the theory of public goods and the theory of farmers’ behavior,the author deduces the economic mechanism of farmers’ adoption of soil and water conservation tillage technology.Based on 1 January 2019-march of 1237 in the three provinces of shanxi,shaanxi and gansu peasant household survey data,the integrated use of factor analysis,entropy value method and multivariate linear regression,Logit model,Heckman sample selection model,a variety of empirical analysis methods,such as ordered Probit model from the Angle of the micro research resources endowment the cognition of peasant households of soil and water conservation tillage technology,using the effects of the will,the decision-making and to grasp the farmers the adoption of soil and water conservation tillage technology characteristics and influencing factors.The main conclusions are as follows:(1)Among the 1237 samples surveyed,70% of the farmers had heard about the technology of contour tillage,subsoiling and straw returning,while the convenience cognition and technology risk cognition of the three technology were not high.Only 25.22% of the farmers are willing to adopt the contour tillage technology;61.68% of the farmers are willing to adopt subsoiling technology;56.35% of the farmers are willing to adopt the straw returning technology.33.39% of the farmers did not use any soil and water conservation tillage technology;19.64% of the farmers used one soil and water conservation tillage technology;32.09% of the farmers used two soil and water conservation tillage technology;14.88% of the farmers used three soil and water conservation tillage technology.75% of the 248 households adopting contour tillage technology consider that the technology effect is good;74.11% of the 448 households adopting subsoiling technology consider that the technology effect is good;71.08% of the 567 households adopting the straw returning technology consider that the technology effect is good.In the evaluation of soil and water conservation tillage technology in controlling soil erosion,78.22% of the 248 households adopting contour tillage technology consider that the technology effect is good;85.05% of the 448 households adopting subsoiling technology consider that the technology effect is good;only 39.32% of the 567 households adopting straw returning technology consider that the technology effect is good.(2)The index system to measure the resource endowment of farmers was constructed,which was measured from the level of resource endowment and the structure of resource endowment.In the level of resource endowment,economic resource endowment is mainly measured from the perspective of household income source and income level,including household income,proportion of non-agricultural income and income source.The endowment of natural resources mainly refers to the scale and quality of cultivated land,including the actual cultivated area,fertility of the land,fragmentation of cultivated land and irrigation conditions.Social resource endowment mainly investigates social capital conditions such as social network,social trust,social prestige and social participation.In terms of the structure of resource endowment,the entropy method is used to divide the sample farmers into economic dominant type,natural dominant type and social dominant type.There were 413 economically dominant households,accounting for 33.4% of the total sample.There were 366 naturally dominant households,accounting for 29.6% of the total sample.There were 458 socially dominant households,accounting for 37% of the total sample.(3)Resource endowment has a significant impact on farmers’ cognition of soil and water conservation tillage technology,among which the total household income and proportion of non-agricultural income has a significant negative impact on cognition of contour tillage and subbsoiling,and has a significant positive impact on cognition of straw returning technology.The actual cultivated area has a significant positive effect on the cognition of the three technology.Land fertility and irrigation conditions had significant positive effects on the cognition of contour tillage and straw returning.Land fragmentation has significant negative influence on the cognition of the three technology.Social network,social trust,social prestige,and social participation have positive effects on the cognition of contour tillage and straw returning technology.In the cognition of contour tillage,subsoiling and straw returning,there are obvious differences among farmers with different endowment types.(4)Resource endowment has a significant impact on the willingness of farmers to adopt soil and water conservation tillage technology.Among them,total household income and proportion of non-agricultural income has a significant negative impact on the willingness to adopt subsoiling technology,and has a significant positive impact on the willingness to use straw returning technology.The actual cultivated area has a significant positive effect on the willingness of farmers to adopt contour tillage and straw returning technology,while land fragmentation has a significant negative effect on the willingness to adopt subsoiling and straw returning technology.Irrigation conditions had a significant positive effect on the willingness to adopt subsoiling.Social trust,social prestige and social participation had positive effects on the willingness to adopt subsoiling and straw returning technology.Technology cognition plays a mediating role in the influence of resource endowment on farmers’ willingness to adopt technology.For contour tillage technology,technology cognition plays a part in the influence of actual cultivated area on willingness to adopt technology.As for subsoiling technology,technology cognition is a partial intermediary that influences the willingness to adopt technology in the proportion of total household income,non-agricultural income and degree of farmland fragmentation.For straw mulling technology,technology cognition is partly mediated in the influence of total household income,proportion of non-agricultural income,actual cultivated area,land fragmentation,social trust,social prestige and social participation on the willingness to adopt technology.There are significant differences in the willingness of farmers with different resource endowments to adopt soil and water conservation tillage technology.(5)Resource endowment has direct influence on the decision of adopting soil and water conservation tillage technology,and household income,land fertility and irrigation conditions have positive influence on whether farmers adopting soil and water conservation tillage technology.The actual cultivated area has a significant positive effect on farmers’ adoption degree of soil and water conservation tillage technology,while land fragmentation has a negative effect on whether farmers adopting soil and water conservation tillage technology.Social network,social trust and social participation have significant positive effects on the adoption dgree of soil and water conservation tillage technology by farmers.Adoption willingness plays a mediating role in the decision-making of technology adoption influenced by resource endowment.Among them,in the adoption degree of soil and water conservation tillage technology by farmers,adoption willingness is a complete intermediary in the actual cultivated area and social participation affecting the adoption degree of soil and water conservation tillage technology by farmers.Adoption willingness is a partial intermediary in the extent to which social network and social trust affect the adoption of soil and water conservation tillage technology by farmers.In terms of whether farmers adopt soil and water conservation tillage technology,technology adoption willingness plays a part of intermediary role in influencing whether farmers adopt soil and water conservation tillage technology in terms of household income,land fertility,land fragment and irrigation conditions.There are significant differences in the adoption decision of soil and water conservation tillage technology among farmers with different resource endowments.(6)Resources endowment for farmers to adopt water and soil conservation tillage technology have a significant impact on the economic effect,total household income adopting subsoiling and straw returning technology have significant positive influence on the economic effect,the actual cultivated area for farmers adopting contour tillage,subsoiling and straw returning technology has significant positive influence on economic effect,land fertility for farmers adopting subsoiling technology have significant positive influence on economic effect,land fragmentation for farmers to adopt contour tillage,subsoiling and straw returning technology economic effect have significant negative influence.Social network,social trust and social reputation had a significant positive effect on the economic effect of farmers’ adoption of contour tillage technology,while social participation had a significant positive effect on the economic effect of farmers’ adoption of subsoiling and straw returning technology.The economic effect of soil and water conservation tillage technology adopted by farmers with different resource endowments is obviously different.(7)Resources endowment for farmers to adopt water and soil conservation tillage technology have a significant impact on ecological effect,total household income has a positive influence on ecological effect for adopting contour tillage and subsoiling technology,proportion of non-agricultural income has negative influence on the ecological effect for adopting straw returning technology,and the actual cultivation area has a positive influence on ecological effect for farmers adopting contour tillage,land fertility have significant positive influence on the ecological effect for farmers adopting subsoiling,land fragment and irrigation conditions has a significant negative effect on the ecological effect of farmers’ adoption of straw returning technology.Social network has a significant positive effect on the ecological effect of farmers’ adoption of contour tillage and straw returning technology,and social trust,social reputation and social participation have a positive effect on the ecological effect of farmers’ adoption of straw returning technology.The ecological effect of soil and water conservation tillage technology adopted by farmers with different resource endowments is obviously different. |
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