A Study About Qingwei Leifa Of Song-Yuan Dynasty

In Song-Yuan Dynasty, Chinese society experienced all-around great changes. Taoism took this opportunity for its innovation. The first change was the development of Neidan, then the essence of Neidan was integrated into traditional Taoist Fulu, forming the core of Taoist magic by Leifa. In many Song-Yuan Taoist Leifa school, Qingwei Leifa appeared late and took the advantages of many other schools, so it became the representation of Song-Yuan Taoist magic. The academic study about Taoist Leifa and Qingwei School was scarce at home and abroad, so the doctoral dissertation take Qingwei Leifa of Song-Yuan Dynasty as the research object, then it carry on the further collection and discussion systematically, to help making up for the weak-link in the related fields.This doctoral dissertation start from the solution of specific academic problems, trying to regard "Taoism Magic System" as the research standard to study Qingwei Leifa of Song-Yuan Dynasty comprehensively. The chapters expand gradually around these theme level:From the "history" perspective, Qingwei Leifa emerged under the background of social disputes and cultural fusion in Song-Yuan Dynasty, it became an important part of the "Song-Yuan Type Taoism". Qingwei School originated from four Taoism school, inheriting Leifa as the core and taking "regress Tao" for the purpose. After a few generations of latent inheritance, Qingwei School became famous by Master Huang Shunshen and his students in Southern Song Dynasty. Then it departed into two branches:Xishan Qingwei School and Wudang Qingwei School, and compiled a large number of Taoist classic. Experienced a boom in Yuan Dynasty, Qingwei School gradually integrated into Zhengyi-Tao School from Ming-Qing Dynasty, and played subtle game with folk magic.From the "theory" perspective, Qingwei Leifa of Song-Yuan Dynasty is based on the empirical life, and contains profound ideological religious doctrine and immortal belief. In the ideological construction, Qingwei Leifa developed some concepts, such as "The Great Dao and Qi Theory", "The heaven and Human Connection Theory", "Yin-Yang and The five elements Theory", "Ti-yong of Mind Theory",to form the philosophy of life. Seeing from the practiced theory, Qingwei Leifa regarded "Dao" as the most important concept, then lightened "Fa", but denounced "Shu". It paid attention to both body and spirit to advocate magic power by Neidan practice,so that the mage could control the change of himself and universe in a special religious space-time. Adhering the sense of Taoist secularization tendency in Song-Yuan Dynasty, Qingwei Leifa penetration strong ethical concepts as "good-evil retribution" and "virtue to achievement".Under the banner of "protecting country and people", Qingwei Leifa expressed the unique political participation. From the immortal belief, based on the concept of "worship gods" and "control gods"of Taoism, Qingwei Leifa took the universe philosophy and life practice theory into the spirit world fully, thus formed a huge immortal ancestry:"San Qing""Yu Di" as the magic progenitor, thunder gods as the military group of Taoist magic, various local gods as grass-roots executive. The masters and mages filled with immortal official by Zhi and Lu in Qingwei School. The latter strengthened the identity and communication especially through "Handing in Home Letters". Immortal system of Qingwei Leifa is actually the variable uptake from the political system, its'law enforcement function is also simulation and holy to bureaucratic operation function in Song-Yuan Dynasty.From the "method" perspective, Qingwei Leifa of Song-Yuan Dynasty embodied the clever fusion of Taoist Neidan and Fulu practice.It formed unique Qingwei Danfa through the ingestion of Neidan, on this basis, enhancing level of Taoist magic though "musing gods" and "refining general". The exercise of Qingwei Leifa is a complex and a full range of life operation. Its'high level is to development Yuanshen so that the mage could play "heart thunder". Down to the learned behavior, the mage need to master Fu, curses, Jue, Gang, holy goods even fly Zhangbiao skills. So that he could truly realize "trance gods" "change into gods" and "summon general", in order to complete its religious role between secular world and sacred world. When the exercise of Qingwei Leifa combined with the Taoist rituals and sacred rules, it will benefit society in Song-Yuan Dynasty.From the above investigations, we can place Qingwei Leifa in the broad field of Confucian, Buddhism and Taoism in Song-Yuan Dynasty. Comparing Qingwei Leifa with the other Taoism Leifa, and analyzing the relationship between Qingwei Leifa and Quanzhen Danfa, we can realize the "distinctive features" and the "visionary world of life", such as "return to harmony", "natural and simple", "Magic from heart". Buddhism, understanding the mind and seeing the disposition mind in Zen, musing Buddha in tantra, can both be referenced by Qingwei Leifa, even as a fellow. For the Song Dynasty Neo Confucian, "theory of mind" and "heavenly principles" also be absorbed into Qingwei Leifa, so that the academic style of Lu Jiuyuan and Zhu Xi could be found in Qingwei School, but also would not lose the tradition of practicing and saving people.In conclusion, as the crystal of Taoist theory and method, Qingwei Leifa of Song-Yuan Dynasty fully demonstrated "The true spirit of Taoism", showing the deep connotation of Taoism culture. We have to rethink its historical limitations and the shortcomings in the process of development, so that we can have reasonable introspection and positioning of modern value of Taoist Leifa.