| Contemporary new Confucianism is an intellectual and academic school began in 20s and 30s of 20th century,emerged from the complicated social background in China.It can be regarded as a neo-conservative movement,basing on traditional Confucianism,absorbing western philosophy which disseminated China in modern times,and synthesizing Chinese traditional thoughts.It tried to dig out modernity from traditional Confucianism,to meet the demands of Chinese social reality and influence the Chinese society as it should be.Meanwhile,it also sought to realize the modernization of Confucianism through the movement.Up to present,this movement still has some effect on our age.In this dissertation.I focus on the thoughts of Ma Yifu(???)and Xiong Shili(???),two of whom are early representative figures of contemporary new Confucianism.I investigate how they reconstructed the new system of Confucian thoughts with Buddhist intellectual resources and what the point of new system was.Through the comparison of the thoughts of' above two,I try to figure out the methods the contemporary new Confucian used to construct their theoretical system and the ideological model and characteristics of contemporary new Confucianism initiated by the early generations.The emergence of contemporary new Confucianism,represented by Ma Yifu and Xiong Shili,is a logical necessity of Confucianism's internal development,and a response to the challenge of modern industrial civilization which is with western civilization at the core.Therefore,contemporary new Confucianism generally had the characteristic of logical and systematic structure which conforms to the modern academic standards,and tried to interpret and analyze Chinese traditional thoughts with western academic norms.Meanwhile,to a great extent they kept traditional Confucian and Buddhist concepts,theoretical systems,and they also tried to integrate Song-learning and Han-learning,Cheng-Zhu school and Lu-Wang school.That's why their thoughts inherited the basic characteristics of Confucianism.In the view of external form,the contemporary new Confucianism,represented by Ma Yifu and Xiong Shili.showed their strong will to integrate the academic of ancient and modern,western and orient,which is also revealed in the process of their theory development.In the view of content,Ma Yifu and Xiong Shili's Confucian system inherited the core concepts of traditional Teaching of Principal(Lixue,??),built a unique contemporary new Confucianism with ontology,the theory of heart/mind and human nature,the theory of self-cultivation,study of Confucian classics as the main topic.In the view of ontology,Ma and Xiong based on Classic of Change(????),with the view of "One True Dharmadhatu" in Huayan school absorbed,tried to build Confucian ontology with the view of "Oneness of Essence and Function".In the view of the theory of heart/mind and human nature,Ma and Xiong introduced the logic of"One Mind in Two Aspects" in Awakening of Faith in the Mahayana,to solve the problem of where the mind and human nature origin from and whether it is good or evil.In the view of the theory of self-cultivation,the two introduced Buddhist theories and methods of practice to enrich the theory of self-cultivation in traditional Teaching of Principal.Base on similar logic and methods mentioned above,Ma Yifu and Xiong Shili's reference from Buddhism also find some different characteristics.On the shared basis of "Oneness of Essence and Function",Ma Yifu's theory of Essence and Function was more close to the original Huayan philosophy,inclined to hold the view of“Essence Identical to Function",while Xiong Shili,influenced by Consciousness-only theory and western philosophy,was more inclined to use an analysis method to distinguish the essence and function under the basic state of "Oneness of Essence and Function".In Xiong's early years,he held the view of "Holding the Function and Returning to the Essence",while in his late years it was changed into "Function as the Myriad of Manifestations of Essence".In the theory of heart/mind and human nature framed up by "One Mind in Two Aspects",Ma Yifu emphasized that the transcendence of supreme good and the reality of existent evil coexist in the original mind identity,through which he responded to the problem that how evil behavior are produced in daily life,which is a long-standing problem in Confucianism.Xiong Shili was more inclined to introduce the concepts of Consciousness-only theory,and used the"Distit ction of Defilement and Indefilement" to explain the difference between good and evil in traditional Confucianism.In the theory of self-cultivation,Ma Yifu laid stress on the practice of self-restraint which advocates contemplation while Xiong Shili stressed on the practice of acknowledging which focus on epistemology.Above is the major difference between the thoughts of the two.As the earliest representative figures of contemporary new Confucianism,the thoughts of Ma Yifu and Xiong Shili were not perfect necessarily.However,their efforts gathered first-hand experience and directed the development of contemporary new Confucianism afterwards.The basic methods of cross-text interpretation and integrated interpretation they used were inherited by their successors.Therefore,the research on the two would help people further understand and analyze the whole contemporary new Confucianism. |
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