| The philosophers of the mind in Song and Ming dynasty has never neglected the security and danger of the society,the rise and fall of the nation,they have concerned throughout the livelihood and social governance while they concentrate on the study of mind.They always care about and give suggestion to the safety and stability of the nation and put their intelligence and diligence to the development of the nation and the livelihood of the public whether they get chance from the emperor to offer an official position or cultivate the populace at hometown.They make great efforts to build and improve their mind theory and pay attention to the temperament cultivation on the one hand,they also actively involve in the political administration to realize their external practice and contributions to the society or support emperor to govern the nation and serve the public on the other hand.If there is no opportunity to govern or administer the nation,they actively involve in education practice to indoctrinate the populace morality and influence them.They establish their specific theory and practice character of their external practice and contributions to the society in these ways:governing the politics and cultivating the public with the theory of mind,saving the whole society with the innate knowledge and constructing social orders with the"myriad things share one body" theory,and they realize the unity of achieving"Dao"to govern the public affairs,cultivating mind and governing society,cultivating the innate morality conscience and society administration.The above character of the them embody the mind Confucian’s spirit of governing and benefiting the people,the concept of salvation and the strong sense of social responsibility to care about the whole society and put into practice and make contributions.The instances above illustrate that the theory of mind is not inane,they focus on the inner morality but never neglect the external practice.Factually,their inner morality and external practice is not leans to one side but unified.This thesis is to respectively discuss the theory of mind,the theory and practice of the external fulfillments and contributions to the society of Lu Jiu-yuan,Yangjian,Wang Shou-ren,Wangji,Niebao,Wanggen and Liu Zong-zhou,and to concentrate on their cultivation to the mind,administer government affairs and influence the populace to form moral customs,and to discuss their theory and practice of the external fulfillments and contributions to the society and to analyze their content and features.This thesis is divided into nine chapters.Chapter Ⅰ is to make a brief explanation to the meaning and content of the philosophers of mind especially their theory and practice of the external fulfillments and contributions to the country and society from the substance level,spirit level and system level.Chapter Ⅱ to chapter Ⅷ is to respectively analyze and discuss Liu Jiu-yuan,Yangjian,Wang Shou-ren,Wangji,Niebao,Wanggen,Liu Zong-zhou’s theory and the practice of their external fulfillments and contributions from the three angles:their mind theory,their theory and practice of the external fulfillments and contributions to the country and society.Chapter IX is to analyze the characters,deficiency,spirit and value of the theory and practice of the external fulfillments and contributions to the country and society on the basis of the comparison with the Confucianism in pre-Qin,the new-Confucianism,the practical trend in Qing dynasty and the modern new-Confucianism’s.Lu Jiu-yuan’s external fulfillments and contributions to the country and society theory takes the theory of Mind as its core,on this basis,he concentrates on the morality cultivation to the emperor and the masses,and focuses on the management of the ancient three generations,he puts these theory into practice to propose suggestion to the emperor face to face in turns,to rectify bureaucracy,to reform and renaissance,to govern the local affairs at Jingmen,to cultivate the populace,etc.Yangjian’s external fulfillments and contributions to the country and society theory can be reflected from "the benevolent mind can make a emperor",respecting and trusting can win the populace,taking filial piety to manage nation,taking ceremony to govern country,developing the material for the masses and reforming the local society.His external practice include administrate politics with mind,diligently work for the people,society reform,cultivate the populace with morality and so on.Wang Shou-ren takes "innate morality conscience" and "the unity of knowledge and action"as his theory center to construct his external theory,including enlighten the good morality,treat the people like treat one’s own family member,take the innate morality conscience to rule the nation,all things are a united one and order construction,learn the method from the ancient three generations,the new conception to the industry and commerce,etc.His external practice includes diligent work for the populace,solving people’s livelihood,rectifying official management,pacifing the rebellion,setting up local school and cultivating the masses.Wangji’s external fulfillments and contributions to the country and society theory takes the "ready-made innate morality conscience" as the core,including govern public affairs and do kind things to the society,the innate morality conscience to manage society,carry out the benevolent government and so on,his external practice contains cultivating morality mind and administrate public affairs,giving lecture and indoctrination,following the example of the ancient three generations and the "nine squares" system.Niebao’s external fulfillments and contributions to the country and society theory includes taking filial piety to manage nation,all things are a united one and social order construction.His practice in the government affairs can be shown in rectifying official management,be kind and sympathize to the populace,the "nine squares" system and village convenance,manage military to make borderland peaceful,administrate public affaires incorruptibly,set up local school and indoctrinate the masses.Wanggen takes guarding and protecting body as his theory basis and forms his external fulfillments and contributions to the country and society theory including the body-centered nation administration and benevolent governing theory,he emphasized treating society in external practice by cultivating moral character.giving education and to indoctrinate the populace,relieving and reassuring the public.Liu Zong-zhou takes"self-supervision and sincerity" as his theory center and constructs his external fulfillments and contributions to the country and society theory,including mind cultivation to govern public affairs,benevolent government,making indoctrination to the masses and save the society.In the practice,he positively proposes advice to the emperor,diligently works and sets up school to educate talented person and carries out the village rules and Bao Jia system.In a word,the external fulfillments and contributions to the country and society of the mind theory implies six specialties and seven values.The five specialties are:the unity of abiding by the "Dao",learning and govern affairs;the unity of mind cultivation and society administration;the unity of managing the inner mind and external affairs,the unity of all things are to one and govern society;the unit of innate morality conscience and govern public affair.From these five specialties,we can summarize its seven values:the positively energetic and enterprising spirit;the theory all things can get to be one implies equality consciousness;the spirit of brave bearing;the spirit of integrity and equality;benevolence spirit of loving and sympathizing people;the service consciousness of diligent government;the people-oriented spirit of human-centered.The above spirits and values are still of positive and practical significance. |
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