Study On The Jin Sui Army In The Republic Of China

As a warlord army,Jin Sui army had lasted for Thirty-eight years in the Republic of China.The process of Jin Sui army rose and fell and honored and disgraced was mainly the interaction of the following elements:domain,economic capacity,Commander's talent,generals'loyalty,the stability of the soldiers' recruit,soldiers training,Weapons,and logistics supplies,officers and soldiers' literacy of strategy and tactics and how to deal with external challenges and so on.Investigated and analyzed the above elements in the development of Jin Sui Army at different stages,and then this will help us understand in depth how Jin Sui Army lasted long-term in the Republic of China.During the Anti Japanese War,Jin Sui Army had suffered heavy losses in the process of resistance against Japanese Army,and when "Jinxi Incident" occurred,Jin Sui Army had further weakened.In this situation,Jin Sui Army's cohesion not only didn't decline but also rose,the reason was that Yen Hsi-shan established two organizations "Iron Army "organization and "National Revolutionary Comrades" in Jin Sui The army that strengthened the control of Jin Sui Army.During the War of Liberation,Jin Sui Army was the rare force in the warlords troops that had fierce fought with PLA men in the street in the end and even emerged so-called "five hundred perfect men".That rooted in the "Iron Army " organization has developed in depth in the class of Jin Sui Army,and the training of "Iron Army Basic Cadres " to strengthen the cohesion of Jin Sui Army.The first chapter:Expound the historical background of the establishment of the Jin Army and the power struggle of commanders.In the Late Qing Dynasty,in order to handle the crisis of internal and external troubles,Qing government had to rely on the local governor to maintain their own rule which gradually weakened the centralized system.Therefore,Late Qing Dynasty formed the central and local dual power structure,the ferocious struggle among the Manchu and the Han,and the centralization and local decentralization had deteriorated,and finally this provided the appropriate soil for the emergence of warlord politics in the early Republic of China.During the Revolution of 1911,the outbreak of the Taiyuan Uprising provided a historical opportunity for the establishment of Jin Army.It was the time that the establishment and formation of the Jin Sui army from 1911to 1917,and the highest power struggle about the supreme commander position was the main joint that related to the developing trends of Jin Army in future.Finally,Yan His-shan who had studied military science in Japan used flexible and clever political means and eradicated those powerful figures that would pose a threat to the status of the Jin Army commander.He commanded military and political power of Shanxi Province,and that laid the foundation for the further development of the Jin Army.The second chapter:Analyze Jin Army how to consolidate and expand the military strength and the sphere of influence in 1917-1928.There were major bottlenecks encountered in the development stage of the Jin Army,such as Jin Army how to solve the military expenditure,and the officials' training,and soldiers of training and recruitment,and Yen His-shan dealt with the situation of warlord melees.In the process of warlord melees,Yen His-shan tried to maintain neutral and seek benefits in chance.He had taken some strategies that supported Duan and opposed Straight Faction,and united a faction with Feng Yuxiang and supported Duan Qirui and fell down Straight Faction,then united factions with Straight Faction and Feng Faction and opposed Feng Yuxiang,and united a faction with Chiang Kai-shek and crusade against Feng Faction.Finally,the sphere of influence of Jin Army had strengthened and expanded.Jin Sui Army's military expenditure commonly raised by the province of itself,while central government also paid some expense.The main source of military expenditure were detained central tax,income additional tax,issued Provincal Notes and other methods.In the generals' training and appointment,Jin Army had gradually formed the pattern,that those who had studied in Japan and Baoding Army academy as the main body of the senior generals,and Shanxi General Education School as the middle and lower officers.Jin Army's training were mainly divided into three parts,which were the implementation of army education,training of military discipline and training of military technology,and its training level were better than the general warlords.In the strategic and tactical aspects,the Jin Army mainly studied German and Japan,and its strategies focused on defense and the construction of solid fortifications,and its tactics emphasized on the use of grenades and artilleries.There were two ways of Jin Sui Army's army weapons and equipment,which were purchased and manufactured.And the weapons and equipments were purchased from the Japan.In addition to the purchasing way,Yen His-shan had developed independent military industries in Shanxi Province.The third chapter:Describe the process from prosperity to weakness of Jin Sui Army in the period of the Central Plains War,and investigate the process of Jin Sui Army's reorganization and that how to solve the imminent military expenditure after the Central Plains war.After the Northern Expedition,state power and military power were diversified of Republic of China,and the reorganization meeting had become the new warlord "fuse".Before the Central Plains War Yen His-shan had taken with these strategies that united a faction with Feng Yuxiang and opposed Chiang Kai Shek,and united with Tang Shengzhi confronted Chiang Kai Shek,then supported Chiang Kai Shek and fought Tang Shengzhi,and jointed Feng Yuxiang and antagonized Chiang Kai Shek again.Jin Sui Army and the Northwest Army launched a melee with the Central Army,and ultimately Yen and Feng's joint armies were defeated.Chiang Kai Shek appointed Zhang Xueliang for the disarmament of Jin Sui Army.Due to the internal conflicts and contradictions among the Jin Sui Army's generals,led to the process of ups and downs of the Jin Sui Army's reorganization.Finally,Shang Zhen,the Jin Sui Army's general lead from the Jin Sui Army's system.Jin Sui Army's military costs was also a very important issue at this time,and around the expenditure,the generals of Jin Sui Army had communicated many times with Zhang Xueliang,and ultimately been preliminary resolved under the efforts of all parties.At this stage,Jin Sui Army's military industries 1 also tends to decline.Zhang Xueliang implemented the reorganization of the Taiyuan Arsenal,and the military industries began to revive until Yen His-shan returned to Shansi in 1931.The fourth chapter:Analyse Jin Sui Army how to survive and develop in the event of major losses during the Anti Japanese War.These were some vital problems of Jin Sui Army the facing at this stage,that How to deal with Japan,the central government and the relations,and how to maintain military spending in the condition which the area had reduced of Jin Sui Army,and how to solve the Leaving tendency as well as how to replenish the recruits and so on.Yen His-shan's strategies which were "opposed Japanese and prepared to reconciling with Japanese,supported Chiang Kai Shek and prepared to reject Jiang Jiang,united the Communist Party of China and prepared to oppose Communist",and that won the political development space for the Jin Sui Army.Jin Sui Army's military expenditure partly been paid by the central government,and mainly relied on Yen His-shan's measures to solve the financial difficulties,which were the implementation of reasonable burden and rectified the Agricultural Bank,and the Tough Soldier Movement and other initiatives.The Second War Division and its affiliated agencies had provided assistance to Jin Sui Army's weapons and equipments,and the supplies of food,transportation,medical equipments and communication devices.In the middle of the war,Yen His-shan in order to overcome the phenomenon of lax morale which had been led by "Jinxi Incident",and founded "Iron Army" organization to reverse this decline.In the soldiers' supplements,Jin Sui Army had taken the conscription system and mercenary system,and the soldiers' methods of supply relied on the regime which had changed to rely on political mobilization and other methods to increase soldiers.In the late period of the Anti-Japanese War,Yen His-shan implemented the policy of"soldiers merge with peasants" to supplement the troops and grain in the western Shanxi province.Jin Sui Army's trainings were divided into political training,spiritual training,discipline training and technical training,etc,but they didn't achieve the desired objectives.The fifth chapter:Explore the reasons for the destruction of Jin Sui Army during the War of Liberation and strong cohesion of officers and soldiers.After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War,Jin Sui Army expanded the strength through the collected puppet troops,retained the Japanese army and the reorganized Jin Sui Army.In order to ensure adequate troops,Yen His-shan had implemented the policy of"soldiers merge with peasants"" in the rule area.The implementation of this policy provided a large number of troops to Yen His-shan,but also brought great harm to the people of Shanxi.In order to further enhance the cohesion of the Jin Sui Army,Yen His-shan continued to develop "Iron Army" organization which was called "Iron Backbone" in the soldiers,and the armies' cohesion had been greatly enhanced,because it had formed terrorist atmosphere among soldiers that soldiers monitored each others.In the process of fighting with the People's Liberation Army,Yen His-shan's ruling area had been shrinking,and the condition of logistics supplies were vital importance to the survival of Jin Sui Army.The Second War Division and its affiliated agencies had provided assistance to Jin Sui Army which made Jin Sui Army continue to fight with the People's Liberation Army in the end.The reality that Jin Sui Army combated with the People's Liberation Army often failed,and this made Yen His-shan have to consider Jin Sui army 's shortcomings of strategies and tactics,and made the appropriate improvement to deal with the crisis.But finally,because the warlord's politics and armies run counter to the historical trend,Jin Sui Army had gone to the end of history with Yen His-shan's warlord regime.