The Study Of Raising Military Expenditure Of The Qing Side In North-west China By Donation And Selling Official Posts Titles In The Period Of Tongzhi And Guangxu Dynasty

Juan-na policy (the government system of selling official posts and titles for money) is a double-edged policy.It can do harm both to the people and to the government,everybody knows it.But in the Late Qing period,the Qing government faces too much crisis and incidents,and the finance condition of it was gradually declining.The temporary outlay,like the military expenditure,the River-project and the disaster-relieving all depended on the income of the Juan-na.so in the Late Qing period,Juan-na and Juan-shu( originally Juan-shu means someone donate money or something others to the government,then the government gives a title as reward,but Juan-na and Juan-shu was always mixed together,because no one want mention Juan-na,for it's a disgrace term.) were held widely and frequently,could't be stopped.so more and more harms and disadvantages followed by.From Jiaqing and Daoguang Dynasty to the end of Qing,the finance condition of the Qing government was gradually declining.The military expenditure of the Qing government was heavy and the finance was embarrassing.In the beginning Juan-na's held had taken an crucial role in supporting the spending.After that the Juan-na system became more and more useless in the end of the Qing Dynasty,moreover it was harmful to the Qing bureaucracy and the social circumstance.Its role as collect fund for military expenditure has been replaced by other methods.but the Juan-na system perished thoroughly along with the collapse of the Qing Dynasty.Juan-na is a expedience method to raise the outlay.Long time held can be equaled to drink poison to quench thirst.In the Tongzhi and Guangxu dynasty,in the Northwest china,the Shanxi and Gansu Hui ethnic people's uprising need to be put down and Xinjiang need to be recover.Great need of military expenditure followed by.but the collapsed finance system can't satisfied the huge demamd.In order to solve it.Every following provincial officials like Yang Yuebin,Zuo Zongtang,Liu rong,Yuan Baoheng all ask the central government to approve them to hold Juan-na to support the military expenditure.The central government also had given them approval.and also justed the policies to support Shan-Gan provincial officials.The holding of Juan-na related to many aspect of that time,like finance,military,education,officials chosen,imperial examination.In some degree Juan-na did solve the problem of lack money especially in the beginning.There is a need of study it,so that we can get a clear view of the reason;the process;the feature;the impact and the result,the relation between Shan-Gan and the central government;the relation between Shan-Gan and the other provincial government.The comparison of result to other military expenditure collection methods and The result comparison between raising military expenditure with Juan-na method in the other periods of Qing dynasty.It need thoroughly deeply research. It should be a good example for Juan-na study in Qing dynasty.