Research On The Issue Of Rations Supply In The Quelling Of The Junggar War

Dzungaria is one of the tribe of Erut Mongolia in western Mongolia.When Galdan was in power,he unified the western Mongolia,annexed Dorbet in SinKiang and HuiTe which was attached to Torghut,he also occupited the tribe of HeShuo,conquered south XinJiang,built the khan nation of Dzungaria.During the twenty-seventh of KangXi(1688),at the aim of rebuilding Mongolia Empire in former times and to solve supplies,at the instigate of Tsarist Russia,Galdan rated soliders cross the mountains of HangAi,and attacked Kalkha Mongolis.Galdan's horizon,broke the Mongolia tributary system.To strike Goldan,KangXi emperor headrd soldiers himself,Qing dynasty army fighted Galdan's soldiers at Ulan Butung,ZhaoMoDuo and so on,finally,the battle end up with Galdan's death.At the end of KangXi,Tsewang Arabtan invaded Tibet,Qing Dynasty began to expel Dzungaria tribe and protect Tibet.At Spring of the twenty-second(1757),the qing dynasty sent troops from barkol and other place to attack Amiturna,and defeat it.Amiturna had smallpox in September of that year.The qing army had won the war of Dzungaria.During the time of Kangxi,Yongzheng and Qinglong,the qing dynasty had wars with nobilities in Dzungaria to unify northwest and maintain the northwest territory,which lasted more than 70 years.Because the battleground located in the northwest frontier area,the economy was backward and the food was scanty.Therefore,provisions and funds for troops mainly diverted from the mainland,which was costly.To ensure the war of fight against Dzungaria,the Qing Dynasty attached great importance to the reserve.supply and transportation of important strategic materials.At the same time,to solve the problem of the front commissary,from the fifteenth year of Kangxi,Qing Dynasty set Tuen mun area consecutively at the west of Kalkha Mongolia?the east of Jiayuguan and the west of Turpan to cultivate,they did that to ensure the food demand on the front lines and reduce the burden of transfer from the mainland.To ensure the supply of food for frontline,Qing Dynasty bought food in Shannxi,Gansu,Shanxi and Shandong province and so on,it even carried out the pattern of donation.Basides,Qing Dynasty set up the storage in Shannxi and Gansu province and other places,the food could allot from all over the country.In addition,Qing Dynasty also encouraged frontline soldiers to obtain food by hunting.In general,Qing Dynasty's food supply was from diverse sources,the supply of food was timely,which effectively guarantee the demand of the frontline for food,importantly,it also stimulate the soldiers in frontline,which was an important guarantee for the victory of the qing army.During the war of fighting against Dzungaria,the transportation of food is very important,Kangxi emperor,Yongzheng emperor and Qianlong emperor all pay attention to the matter.As several wars between qing armys and Dzungaria's arey were all in northwest,the transport of food mainly depends on animals such as camels and horses.As the journey was long,the road was rugged,the materials are expensive,therefore,it need a large number of camels and horses.In the end,on one hand,Qing Dynasty tuned outed camels and horses which could carry food,on the other hand,Qing dynasty give orders to purchase camels and horses from Shanxi province.Henan province.Gansu province and all department of Mongolis,besides,Qing Dynasty set up animal pasture land on the frontline,and even carried out the pattern of donation,all methods taken to guarantee the food supply.On the mode of transportation of food,army provinsions all transported by the official army during Kangxi emperor fight with Dzungaria,so the cost was huge.To save the country's manpower and financial,at the last year of Kangxi emperor,Qing Dynasty began to hire business and people to transport the food on the base of official transportation.On the western food transportation,the magistrate of Shannxi province and Gansu province hire people to transport food during the farm slake seasen.Qing dynasty paid attention to the management of food during the war of fighting Dzungaria.In order to ensure the army provinsions to deliver amooth,the rulers of Qing Dynasty attached importance to the transportion food officers' selection and management,it also set up station along the food route,and then sent strong soldiers to protect it,besides,it sent the strong soldiers to escort army provinsions.Qing government was able to achived the war to Dzungaria,which was not only related to its strong national power and highly centralized unified state,but also closely to perfect logistics support.During Kangxi emperor fighting with Dzungaria,he attached great importance to the transportation and security of the food from the preparations before the war,he also sent officers to transport and enhance the management of officers.All the preparations were reflections which qing emperor paid attention to the war.Comparing to kangxi emperor's sufficient food,Dzungaria was unable to do so.At the thirty-fifth year of kangxi(1696),after Dzungaria and his subordinates were defeat in the battle of Jagunmodo,his army fighting capacity dropped sharply,many of his subordinates defected and surrender to qing government due to the shortage of materials.Also,when yongzheng and Qianlong emperor use military forces to Dzungaria,they all followed kangxi emperor's policies which raised and transport food in a variety of ways,and they made sure that front-line officers and soldiers not worry about food or clothing by giving logistics support.At the same time,during raising and transporting food,Mongolia the department?uygur officials and people represented by eimin and zhuo?mainland officials and people?businessman all tried their best to help qing dynasty through multiple channels,that was the guarantee of the sussess of the food transportation during qing dynasty pacifying the junggar war.Researching the food support and transportation in pacifying the junggar war can deepen our recognition about junggar war,it also make us see attitudes of Qing Dynasty's central government?local government?ordinary people?business and Mongolia the department in war.At the same time,it also contribute us to learn military history and wartime logistics in Qing Dynasty.