The Polyphonic Writing On Multiculture

The success of a writer's writing activities depends largely on the degree to which his works concern mankind itself.Therefore,the relationship between the form of literary works and their contents has become one of the important issues in literary criticism.Through the text analysis,it reveals the writer's narrative strategy in his works and the deep connotation he wants to express,and explores the relationship between the form and content of his works,which is the focus of the critics in literary criticism.The Nobel Prize winner Orhan Pamuk reveals the collision and fusion between Islamic culture and European culture in his masterpiece My Name is Red which takes Turkey located on the cross-culture of Eurasia as background;The most famous contemporary American Indian writer,Louise Erdrich,is famous for his Love Medicine,which shows the situation of the contemporary American Indians in the collision and integration of their traditional culture and mainstream American white culture and identity seeking in the process.The two writers who live in different social systems are equally good at expressing the psychological dynamics of people and their spiritual demands.The literary achievements of the two writers depend to a large extent on their successful use of the narrative strategy of Bakhtin's polyphonic novels.Bakhtin created the polyphonic novel theory used polyphonic melody in concept of music to express the common theme and combined with the basic characteristics of Dostoevsky's novels.The theory holds that,like musical Polyphony,the characters in a novel are diverse and their feelings are not unified.A writer is a storyteller in a work,whose characters become the object of a writer's creation,while the emotional consciousness expressed from different angles constitutes the principal will of a writer.The characters tell their own stories in their works from their respective angles,and through the screening and integration of the author's will,they finally form the “chorus” which is composed of the novel theme.The individual subject consciousness of the characters converges into the subject consciousness of the writer in the process of singing in unison.As Edward Said explained the relationship between literary classics and the development of national culture on the basis of his study on Western prejudices against Arab Islamic culture,he thought that the interpretation of literary texts was counterpoint but not monotone.In the course of the creation and interpretation of literary works,Bakhtin's polyphonic novel theory integrates the expression strategies of literary works and the deep connotation of their expression.It provides a new perspective for the development of literary criticism in the context of globalization.Pamuk and Erdrich are good at using Bakhtin's polyphonic narrative strategy.Many of their works embody the characteristic of polyphonic novels,in which the authors express their subjective consciousness through the way of multiple angles narration by different characters in their representative works My Name is Red and Love Medicine.And this kind subjective consciousness is formed to a large extent through the dialogue narrative strategy of polyphonic theory.The study found that Pamuk and Erdrich's strategy of “dialogue” in their works My Name is Red and Love Medicine is mainly manifested in two aspects of macroscopical dialogue and microcosmic dialogue: on the macroscopical aspect,the dialogue relationship is reflected on the dialogue between characters,structures and texts;on the microcosmic aspect,it is reflected on the dialogue between the heroes and the double voice in hero's inner dialogue.The counterpoint of dialogue is mainly due to the unity between the form and content of dialogue and communication in contemporary literature.Especially in the current trend of cultural development in the context of diversity,dialogue and communication are the main means or ways to resolve conflicts between heterogeneous cultures,and are common terms for criticism in the fields of literature,sociology,philosophy(including language philosophy),political science,international politics and social sciences.On these two aspects,the counterpoint relation in the dialogue has different forms and meanings in the analysis of literary works.The counterpoint of macroscopical dialogue helps the academic circles to reveal the writer's shaping of the subject consciousness in the multicultural conflict and to express the collective consciousness of the writer's ethnic group.Therefore,the counterpoint relationship of macroscopical dialogue is more in line with the communication and fusion between heterogeneous cultures in the present era.The counterpoint of microcosmic dialogue is more helpful to understand the mental state of the individual in contemporary society.Because different individuals(that is the concrete characters in the works)together constitute the human “kind”,the individual's micro-dialogue relation will be more helpful to reveal the contemporary people(that is the “kind”)common psychological appeal in literary criticism.The counterpoint relations of two aspects in the dialogue also have their common features,that is,postmodern Marxist Jameson discussed the relationship between the division of literary thought and the stage of social development.The stage of each social development reflects the different psychological structures of people at that time,which is called “revolution” by Jameson.The counterpoint of dialogue between Pamuk and Erdrich's novels is directly related to their life and creative environment.This is the basic view of American scholars Rod Horton and Herbert Edwards when studying the background of American literary thought: it is a major aspect of literary research in understanding the relationship between literature and the social background that produces.Because literature has lag phenomenon to reality,but the effect of literature on social development and human civilization progress is still its main function.In Pamuk's novel My Name is Red,the contrapuntal dialogue strategy reveals Asian culture at the macro aspect,and specifically the correlation between Islamic culture in Turkey and European culture.The origin of this contrastive relationship lies in the cultural background of Pamuk's life and creation.As an Islamic country at the confluence of the Eurasian continent,the confrontation of heterogeneous culture is the main theme of the region both in historically and worldwide,and Pamuk's works highlight the spiritual world of the human being in culture confrontation through polyphonic features.The contrastive dialogue structure adopted by Erdrich in her novels also reflects the counterpoint relationship of this culture.Erdrich lives in the so-called Western democratic and free American society,where the cultural collision and integration of the Indian Reserve culture in the face of the mainstream American white culture invasion provides the external conditions for the expression of Indian cultural identity and difficult living conditions in her novel Love Medicine.In general,the contrastive dialogue between the two writers is the result of the great influence of their background,and the best expression of this result is the application of Bakhtin's polyphonic novel.In the aspect of uniqueness,the dialogue philosophy and polyphonic characters embodied in Pamuk and Erdrich's novels break the absolute opposition of the traditional novels,the selective mode of thinking of the absolute struggle and the traditional literary structure with a single purpose of doubt,criticism,denial and rebellion,which promote the spirit of tolerance,dialogue,fusion and innovation to realize the intercommunion of different cultures,so as to maintain the ideal appeal of different ethnic groups in the different cultures.Because of the important position of Pamuk and Erdrich in the world literature,the academic research on them is also relatively fruitful.However,as far as the polyphonic writing of their works is concerned,especially in the research aspect of the relationship between polyphonic writing strategy and their multicultural thinking,it is also a new angle of study in the related research.Through the exploration of the narrative strategy of polyphonic novels,the writer is faced with the dilemma of the existence of modern culture and its symbolic and its multiple culture,from the perspective of literature aesthetics to the political aesthetics.In this paper,the author concludes that the unfinalizability of cultural belonging of the Turkish Islamic and American Indians under the multicultural context.There is no denying that the aesthetic value of literature is the basic value of literature.However,through the study of these two writers and their representative works,it can be found that the political and aesthetic value of their works can not be underestimated on the basis of polyphonic narrative and the interpretation process of counterpoint reading.This conclusion is based on the diversity of people's own attributes,namely,their social and political attributes.This increase in literary value is also reflected in the role of literature in the public space and its role in the formation of mechanisms.The polyphonic features of the works My Name is Red and Love Medicine endow the master with the basic features of subjectivity,dialogism and unfinalizability.The two writers composed a complex polyphony of mixed cultures through the mouths of generations in different cultural settings,who recreate the Western mainstream culture's invasion of marginal cultures and the resulting spiritual distress and confusion in the Turkish lives,which formed the primary value of novels and the focus of Literary interest in human studies.The narrative strategies of the two authors open a window for people to understand the current situation of human existence under the condition of multiculturalism.This conclusion can be reached only through the careful reading,combing and comparison of the text.Although the people described in these two works are limited to Turks and American Indians,in the process of their value appreciation,the content of the works has important political aesthetic significance for the whole world as well as for mankind.The significance of this thesis is also to show that the dialogue features of polyphonic novels are in accordance with the time environment of interculturalism.The aim of selecting two representative writers who have grown up and lived in the land of cultural mixture is also to promote the universal value of polyphonic novel creation to realize the dialectical unity of form and content under the background of contemporary multiculture,in order to carry out the study of this angle of view for the academic community.