Study Of The Garrison Town Outside The Wicker Wall In Qing Dynasty

The garrison towns outside the wicker wall of Qing Dynasty usually located in banks or intersection of rivers,which has a flat and fertile land with a relative warm weather,this customary rule of site selection carried forward the previous generation.In time category,the construction and development of the town were limited and possessed a intermittence because of the climate impact;while in space category,for some reasons of internal rebellion against Russia and others,it had a frontier property.Running through the whole development of immigration and prohibition policy,garrison towns reflected a distinctive nationality in the process of national communication and integration.Building the garrison towns possessed a variety of reasons,mainly for defensing the Russia,and subsequently for disaster transfer,garrison improvement,reclamation and so on.The city wall and government office were not only the protective screen for defensing the enemy,and also the authoritative symbol of politics authority and military affairs.The repairing and improvement of city wall and government office went through a metamorphic process,construction material changed from mood to earthen and then brick,and the the actions often happen on the officials' alternate occasion.the inhabitants in every garrison towns had a good interaction,obtaining raw material locally after selecting the suitable address,working together through water and ice.In addition,the fund of repairing came from diverse sources,mainly derived from national appropriation,tax,official rental income,fund for storing,eating and business.Besides,the fund of repairing was strictly controlled,if the appropriation couldn't arrive on time,it must be payed in advance and then reported to the the Ministry of Works for a reimbursement.For the soldiers who take part in the repairing,the government provided them with compensations of silver or oblation free.In the aspect of external space form,the construction form of city wall is closely related with the levels of cities,which including the structure,texture,altitude,number of gates,defense building and trench.Government offices,schools,ancestral temples,shops and houses are the important elements of the internal city.Influenced by nature terrain,hierarchy of Confucianism,the traditional five elements concept(metal,wood,water,fire and earth,held by the ancients Chinese to compose the physical universe and later used in traditional Chinese medicine to explain various physiological and pathological phenomena)and geomantic omen,the locations of buildings were different.Government offices and residential houses gathered densely and were often made by wood,thus,the external city have more fire than other districts.The incendiaries would be punished severely by their government with many punitive measures,in which including judged by superior departments,salary punishment,demotion,flogging,taking the shackles and so on.The system of garrison towns was consisted of four branches,including official system,the troops,deployment and control.The official of the garrison towns had a relatively higher seniority,while soldiers were mixed by many nationalities and the number of the troop was lager than those in the internal city.The construction of urban space was contained urban location,urban distribution,garrison town center position transfer,a traffic network structure.With a thorough study of the process on the system of garrison towns,some rules of its relevance were summarized.After 1866(during the reign of Emperor Xian Feng of the Qing Dynasty),because of many reasons,such as reclamation permission,railway construction,official system reform,treaty cooperation and so on,the traditional center of garrison towns was replaced by new economic towns along the railway line continue to garrison town of modernization.The garrison towns gradually had a transition toward modernizing,and whole system of the city was reconstruct as well.