Research On The Chinese Special Passive Constructions:A Cross-Linguistic Perspective

There are many variations of Chinese passives.These passives with more deviation from the prototype are called “Special passives”.Common special passives are: Passive construction of retained objects(PCRO),Local subject passive,“Bei”and“Ba” co-occurrence sentence,Zero subject passive etc.The study of special passives has achieved certain results,but mainly concentrated on a certain type of special passive,and is scattered in some sections of the thesis or monograph,lacking systematic research.This paper mainly uses Cognitive linguistics theory,Functional linguistics theory,Linguistic typology theory,etc.,to systematically study several kinds of special passive sentences.This paper mainly analyzes the conditions for the establishment of several special passive sentences and the differences between related sentences,and gives a unified interpretation of the special passive sentences,focusing on the syntactic and semantic characteristics of the retention of PRCO and the reasons for argument augmentation,so as to make a beneficial attempt for the research of the special passive sentences.This paper has six chapters:Chapter one is the introduction,which mainly reviews the situation of passive sentence research,and clarifies the object of this study and the significance of the research.Chapter two analyzes the syntactic and semantic constraints of PCRO.The subject and the object of PCRO have possessive relationship,but it is found that not all the possess iverelationship can be put into the PCRO.Through the passive sentence of the reserved object in the corpus,it is found that the possessive relationship of the whole partial class is more likely to enter the reserved object passive sentence,followed by the possessive class and then the relative class.The structure of the subject that retains the passive sentence of the object cannot be simply divided,but needs to meet the characteristics of"availability of reasoning."The example sentence"Zhang San bei sha le fu qin"(???????)has been controversial.Through investigation,it is found that although the passive object of the relative class actually exists in the corpus,it is basically a signed sentence,such as an attributive or a matching format.This is because the actual affected person is more prominent when it is born,therefore,it is more appropriate to place in the position of the subject,but its salience can be reduced by a marked form.In addition to possessive relationship,both the verb and the syntactic color have an influence on the establishment of PCRO.The PCRO is more likely to be used in the case of"unsatisfactory",while the verb is more likely to use contact verbs and ditransitive verbs.At the same time,we generalize the semantics of"A bei B v C"as"B affects A by acting on C that has a relationship with A".Chapter three analyzes the PCRO related to several kind of special sentence patterns,"B affects A by acting on C that has a relationship with A" of the sentence has A few classes,respectively is: speical double-object construction,Possessor-subject-possessum-object construction,"Bei" "Ba" co-occurrence construction,the possessive "ba" construction and so on,these kinds of constructions have a common characteristic: possession division,so there are similarities in usage.The difference of sentence types is the focus of this chapter.Through the investigation,it is found that the PCRO is very similar to the claimed double object sentence,but the former focuses on the direct influence,while the latter focuses on the indirect influence.The difference between the PCRO and the Possessor-subject-possessum-object construction is that the semantic role of the subject of the former is the one who is affectee while the latter is experiencer."Bei" "Ba" co-occurrence constructionare the derivations of the PCRO.Through investigation,it is found thatthe possessive "ba" construction has very low productive power and is hardly used,The reasons will be discussed in chapter 5.Chapter four mainly studies the PCRO from a cross-linguistic perspective.Through the cross-linguistic investigation,it is found that the case of the noun at the beginning and the noun at the end of the PCRO is more suitable for the subject case and the objective case,rather than the topic and the subject case.The allowable types of possessive structures of PCRO across languages show the same commonality: the kinship >the occupies >the whole and part.This tendency is not only verified by cross-language,but also by Chinese and Japanese.Chapter five is the unified interpretation of some special passives.Chinese special passives have many forms of variation,but they have some commonness.The semantic appendage of "undesirable" can leave a space in the syntax for "undesirable" recipients,which is called "affectee" in this paper.The “affectee” vacancy is configured with “unsatisfactory” color,but the “affectee” is provided by other components in the sentence,and the syntactic component that can provide the “affectee” can be used as the subject,so whether it is the premises Subjects are also tool subjects,and they all provide an "affectee"."The affectee" can make a unified interpretation of Chinese special passives.At the same time,looking at Chinese through Japanese,we can see that there is an "indirect passives" in Chinese.The definition of indirect passive helps to solve the special passive sentence of the intransitive verb as a predicate in the medieval Chinese.Chapter six summarizes the contents discussed above and points out the main achievements as well as the direction of future research.This paper studies the special passive sentences from various aspects,including the syntactic semantics at the micro level,the cross-sentence and cross-language comparison at the macro level,etc.,which has certain theoretical value.