Research On Scottish Enlightenment From The Perspective Of Marx's Rational View

The "new science" conceived by the scientific revolution of the 17 th century provided methodological guidance for the "science of man" constructed by the Scottish Enlightenment.And put forward a new subject of philosophy and epistemology for Scottish scholars in this period.On the basis of human nature,the Scottish Enlightenment Movement has formed a set of philosophical systems for the whole social order and economic development on the premise of the limitation of human rationality,leaving valuable theoretical wealth for future generations.The methods adopted in this paper are the unity of history and logic,and the unity of analysis and synthesis.This paper introduces why cognition starts from analysis,why it should be synthesized after analysis,why it should be reappeared in history,and what is its basis and reason.In addition to the introduction,this paper is divided into four parts,the first part is the analysis of the general elements of enlightenment.This is the foundation and basis of this paper.Through combing the history of philosophy,dividing the four concepts of subject,nature,system and restriction,these concepts have taken the general elements of enlightenment thought and analyzed the general elements of enlightenment thought.Then it analyzes the elements of Scottish Enlightenment and Marx's rational view,as well as their respective forms of expression.What needs to be explained here is that Marx's rational view points out the direction for us to understand rationality scientifically and correctly,and provides a weapon for us to criticize the rational view of traditional philosophy.It is undeniable that Marx's rational view is a kind of enlightening thought,or a kind of enlightening thought,we may call Marx's rational view "Marx's enlightening thought".The second part is the theoretical origin,factor analysis and formation process of the Scottish Enlightenment.The third part is the analysis of the elements of Marx's rational view,the connotation,historical evolution and critical direction of Marx's rational view.The second and third parts respectively complete the unity of history and logic and analysis and synthesis.The fourth part is the evaluation of the Scottish Enlightenment based on Marx's rational view,which mainly examines the differences between the two in three aspects:the concept of social construction,the logic of the economic situation and themethodology of philosophy.And the contribution and limitations of the Scottish Enlightenment.Through the analysis of the differences between Scottish enlightenment thinkers and Marx in the construction of social order and economic form,this paper points out that the reason is based on the difference of logical starting point between them.The logical starting point of the Scottish Enlightenment is "human emotion",that is,selfishness and limited generosity of human nature.Under such a concept,Scottish Enlightenment must pay attention to personality and individual freedom in the aspects of social construction and economic form.Personal rights,etc.At the same time,it is necessary to stop the abuse of power for the sake of civil liberties and the maintenance of public justice.In terms of restraining the abuse of power,Scottish enlightened thinkers advocated the restriction of state power.As a result,the Scottish Enlightenment model of government is "the rule of law,not the rule of man." The logical starting point of Marx's view of rationality lies in the concept of "class" and pays attention to the community of "class".Therefore,it should combine the individuality dialectically and realize the universality,that is,the dialectical totality.Secondly,there is a great difference in philosophical methodology between them.The Scottish Enlightenment Movement adheres to the empiricism of practice prior to principle,while Marx's rationalism is based on practice on the basis of reality.Through the contribution and limitation of the Scottish Enlightenment,the Scottish Enlightenment can be regarded as a copy of the thought of the emerging bourgeoisie.