| After the founding of the People's Republic of China,Chinese history entered a new stage of development.It has made obvious achievements,but it has gradually appeared some deviations,and encountered serious setbacks during the "Cultural Revolution".The reorientation and re-starting of Chinese history in the new period started from denying the "Cultural Revolution".It started with political criticism and succeeded with academic reflection.It was aimed at the "Cultural Revolution",but it was by no means limited to the "Cultural Revolution".This kind of deepening stage at the professional level was very typical in 1979.In this year,along with the atmosphere of ideological emancipation of the whole society,history has shown a posture of complete separation from the "Cultural Revolution" period.Turning the upside down history upside down once again became the mainstream pursuit of the entire Chinese historiography community at that time.This pursuit has a distinct manifestation in the theoretical exploration level of Chinese history,the research part of ancient history,and the research field of modern history.And it was particularly concentrated in 1979,and culminated in 1979.At that time,there was a clear tendency in Chinese historiography,that is,for the research model since the founding of the People's Republic of China,especially the research situation of the deformity during the "Cultural Revolution",tit-for-tat carried out re-understanding and correction.This trend has profoundly influenced the outlook of later historical studies.People first carried out targeted corrections for the theoretical part that dominated the entire research situation.Re-understanding and recognizing the "class point of view" from both theoretical roots and practical experience,thus giving up the"class struggle as the guiding principle" that fundamentally shaped the historical outlook of the time was the greatest theoretical consensus gained by the Chinese history community in 1979.At this time,the general class viewpoint was revisited,and all extreme practices that used class division and class struggle theory as the starting point and ending point of historical research were also corrected;the entire content of history is not only conflicts between classes,but also not all class struggles can be included in the category of "revolution";the respect of class struggle as the fundamental or sole driving force for the historical development of human society had been challenged.More and more emphasis;the vast historical space beyond class investigations began to enter people's vision,and the rich historical heritage beyond class criticism has also received more and more attention;scholars no longer simply apply class analysis as research Mold,but actively advocates the use of historical and dialectical views to grasp the existence of class and class struggle.In the past,when we used the class perspective to look at everything,we must say that the abnormal situation of the "class" has greatly changed.In addition,in-depth reflection on the dangers of dogmatism and formulaism was also an important theoretical achievement obtained by the historical circles in 1979.Everything being based on the original,and the usual practice of copying simple formulas has been criticized.Regarding the combination of theoretical interpretation and the truth-seeking of historical data,the practice of empty theory or even false theory without historical facts was resisted.They were gradually balanced by claims such as "the theory comes out of history" or"the combination of history and theory".There were also some studies that have never broken the deadlock because they stick to individual judgments and presuppose certain premises.The above changes boil down to the point that,in the face of any problem,people turned to try to get their own independent understanding through concrete analysis based on seeking truth from facts.At this time,the relationship between historiography and politics also began to be repositioned in reflection.People unanimously opposed the act of making "implied historiography" as a political tool,and by reinterpreting the meaning of " Making the past serving the present",in an attempt to further clarified the value function and reasonable boundaries of historiography to politics,respected the unique laws of academic exploration,and corrected violations of academic Free practice,thus defending the living space and independent value dignity of history.In 1979,the field of Chinese ancient history research also showed an overall tendency to make drastic adjustments to the past knowledge situation.The first to bear the brunt of the research bias in the history of peasant warfare as one of the "five golden flowers." The concentration of the negative effects contained in the peasant wars became the biggest impact of Chinese history in the field of special research in 1979.With regard to the issue of moving the whole body at once,the "class viewpoint" has been re-examined by research and practice.People have noticed that the peasant wars have an unavoidable destructive effect on social production and order stability.The value status of the peasant wars,once reduced to the real content or all content of ancient Chinese history,was weakened by the existence of such negative factors that hindered historical progress.At the same time,the peasants themselves had difficulty resisting ignorant and backward feudal ideas,and they were subjected to a concentrated analysis in the analysis of class and historical limitations.Furthermore,the peasants and their leaders cannot get rid of the negative effects of imperialism and egalitarianism,which indicates that the final result of the peasant war can only be to spawn another feudal regime with similarities.As the revolutionary role of the peasant war in transforming the feudal system was questioned,its value did not exceed the scope of the change of the dynasty at most,and even the objective of maintaining and extending feudal rule began to appear.Because people refused to follow the simple method of posting class labels and the ensuing generalization of moral judgment was contained,some representative figures of the ruling class and the ruling class in ancient Chinese history were re-evaluated.Negative factors such as the brutal tyranny of Qin Shihuang as a feudal emperor were concentrated;Confucius as a representative figure in the field of ideology and culture regained its positive values in etiquette and education;as a leader of the peasant uprising,Li Zicheng could not escape the shackles of fate Even if it wins in the end,it would inevitably became a feudal emperor,and may not have the progressive characteristics and achievements of a proletarian leader.Such a fatal historical ending was emphasized in the discussion.In addition,on the question of the division of China's social form and development stage,because people were dissatisfied with the monopoly of fixing a doctrine and obeying a cognition,there were many talks in the field of ancient history staging,thus subverting Guo Moruo and others.The situation that the feudal feudalism advocated by the people was exclusive.As a result,different opinions such as "Wei-Jin Feudal Theory","Xi Zhou Feudal Theory",and "Qin Feudal Theory of Unity" emerged one after another.The trend of turning the upside-down history upside down was most fully demonstrated in the field of modern Chinese history in 1979.The typical cognition on the key nodes of the development of modern history in China presented a turning process liking a "roller coaster".For example,the Yihetuan Movement,which was once a typical anti-imperialist and feudal patriotic movement,was intensively questioned.The movement was identified as having the characteristics of blind xenophobia,ignorance and superstition.There were even processes and behaviors used by the Qing court to "rebel against the will".The revolutionary nature of internal anti-feudalism and the anti-imperialist role and value of the external world appeared Big controversy.In addition,in view of the qualitative nature of selling countries in the past,under the background of the modernization era,the Westernization Movement as a landmark role in the beginning of modern industrialization began to be actively afirmed.In the aspects of enterprise management,large-scale machine manufacturing,and the introduction and utilization of foreign-funded technologies,the progressive influence brought by the Westernization Movement;combating the economic aggression and military aggression of external forces,and building its own modern economic and national defense foundation,have practical significance Long-term value;the beginning of a large-scale study of advanced Western civilization,the formation of an open,rational and enterprising spirit,and the importance of starting the process of capitalism in modern China as a whole have been effectively explained.The evaluation of the Westernization Movement begins with a qualitative analysis based solely on the original intention or class of the purpose,and begins to lean towards investigations that value objective effects.Also,for the Reform Movement of 1898,which was criticized as a weak compromise and"blocked the people's revolution",scholars redefined it as a kind of initiative initiated by the bourgeoisie in order to save the country's peril through institutional reforms under the modern vision Progressive movement.Its patriotic value,valuable attempts to capitalize on the reform of advanced systems,and the enlightenment and liberation promoted during the reform process have all begun to be recognized by more scholars.The reformist qualities of the movement began to waver,and the progressive role of the bourgeois reformists against the feudal stubborns and the implementation of the capitalist system to safeguard the overall interests of society was increasingly recognized.1979 was a key year for the readjustment of Chinese historiography and a turning point in the transition from historiography to reform and opening-up historiography during the "Cultural Revolution".It stands at the critical moment of the transformation of two historical research styles in a posture of reflection,and realizes the rebirth of fire through a series of re-corrections of historical knowledge.Obviously,the fundamental change of the research style requires the correction of historical facts,the calibration of research methods and theoretical guidance,but it also depends on the thorough understanding of the concept level.The remodeling of enlightenment in the pursuit of academic independence and the spirit of seeking truth is the most striking value of this special year left in later generations.At the same time,as far as the discipline itself is concerned,through the timely adjustment of the academic circles in terms of ideas,theoretical methods,value positions,etc.around 1979,history can quickly move to a new stage of development.Chinese history in 1979 laid the foundation for the subsequent research content from a relatively single political history to the combination of social history,cultural history and other fields,as well as the transformation of research paradigms and research focus from revolutionary history to modern narrative.At the same time,it also spawned several research trends.For example,reconstructing the truth of historical facts and seeking truth;reaffirming the adherence to the macro research under the guidance of historical materialism,focusing on the rational combing of clue laws;or absorbing and borrowing Western theoretical methods to reconstruct historical narration.They all showed the trend of multiple competitions on the basis of reflecting on the shortcomings of previous research.A meticulous review of the literature,a comprehensive comparison of research directions before and after the "Cultural Revolution",and Chinese historical studies at that time,maximizing the value of the history of ideology at that time,and laying an important foundation for the healthy development of historical research in the new period significance.Selecting the unique year 1979 as the research object can fully highlight its connotation in chronology;the historians responded to the call for reform and opening up of the country with practical actions,reflecting the tradition of Chinese history to create history in participating in history Applying colors;returning to normal in a "reversed" way,releasing the greatest energy to emancipate the mind,but at the same time also created the danger of going from one extreme to the other.Therefore,it was obviously not enough to reflect on the bias of academic research.It is very meaningful to accurately grasp the cohesive role of Chinese history in 1979,and to fully evaluate the transitional and transitional nature of the history research in this period.In particular,the research ecology of the "history of the Cultural Revolution" to eliminate malformations,and to lay a foundation for the basic structure of academic transformation after this,it is necessary to specifically explore.If the new Chinese history was established by politics in 1949,then 1979 was the beginning of the re-discipline and professional reconstruction of Chinese history in the context of anti-self-seeking.From the long-term perspective of academic development,it was no less than the "second nation-building" of the history of the People's Republic of China. |
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