| In the 10th-13th centuries AD,the geopolitical pattern of East Asia changed dramatically.The Central Plains Han area was transformed from the split of the Five Dynasties and Ten States to the partial unification of the Northern Song Dynasty.It was also the split of the North-South confrontation between Song Dynasty and Jin Dynasty due to the The Northern Song Dynasty was destroyed by the Jin Dynasty in AD 1127.In the north and northwest,the four major northern wolf-type hegemonic countries of Qidan,Xixia,Jin Dynasty and Mongolia have risen Successively,posing a huge geo-security threat to the Song Dynasty,and the Song Dynasty have been Falled into security dilemma.Because the Song Dynasty had strong enemies in the north,they were indifferent to other areas,and they were strategically contracted in the southwest region and were on the defensive.At that time,the various parts of the Tibetan Plateau were in a state of fragmentation and were unable to expand.In AD 937,Dali Kingdom established in the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau,which is the Bai Man nobility as the ruling class,Bai Man and Wu Man as the main ethnic group including the golden-toothed Dai and Thai State.Given the historical lessons of Nanzhao's expansion that caused costs to outweigh the benefits and the country's demise.Dali Kingdom soon adjusted Nanzhao's expansion policy to "protecting the castle,training the soldiers and raising the people",Implemented defend Countries and protect the people's defensive strategy and became the basic national policy of the three hundred years of Dali Kingdom.In AD 960,the Northern Song Dynasty established and began a unified war.In the same year,Dali Kingdom adjusted its foreign policy.In AD 965,the Northern Song Dynasty mergered the Sichuan's post-shu regime.Song Dynasty Army wanted to take advantage of the attack on Dali Kingdom to united Yunnan,but Song Taizu learned Tianbao war and Nanzhao invaded the Tang Dynasty and Speeding Down the Tang Dynasty 's lessons.Dali Kingdom was regarded as the savage and warlike Nanzhao,divided the Dadu River's Natural barrier as the natural boundary between Song Dynasty and Dali Kingdom,and Song Dynasty abandoned the vast wuman area in the south of the Dadu River.As a buffer zone and a barrier between Song Dynasty and Dali Kingdom,it is geographically out of contact with Dali Kingdom.The Song Dynasty troops were concentrated on unifying the wars of the South Tang,Wu Yue and other separatist regimes,giving up the reunification of the Dali Kingdom and preserving the Dali Kingdom.In AD 979,the Northern Song Dynasty achieved partial reunification of China,but Qidan in the northern and Xixia in the Northwest successively rised.The Northern Song Dynasty was caught in the security dilemma of Qidan and Xixia in the north and northwest respectively,and was forced to use the main military and financial resources to deal with Qidan and Xixia.Geopolitically,there were strong enemies in the north of the Song Dynasty,and they were in a security predicament.Dali and Jiaozhi(Annan)in the southwest were also very strong.The east was the sea.The Song Dynasty fell into the north,northwest,and southwest security dilemma.The unfavorable geopolitical situation,which is surrounded by Qidan,Xixia,Dali and jiaozhi(Annan).Among them.In the southwest direction,the Song Dynasty was geographically connected with the Jiaozhi.The Jiaozhi(Annan)was the most intimate Vassal state of the Song Dynasty in three centuries.The two sides had a special tribute—Book interactive relationship.Jiaozhi(Annan)was one of the Important forces of the Song Dynasty to contains and balances Dali Kingdom in the southwest.Since Song Dynasty and Dali Kingdom both is Vast territory powers,the boundaries between the two sides should be very long.However,due to the defensive contraction of Song Dynasty and Dali Kingdom and the rise of ethnic minorities between Song Dynasty and Dali Kingdom,Song Dynasty and Dali Kingdom is from north to south along the Dadu River in the southwest of sichuan and the Midwest of Guizhou to the west of Guangxi,the Jiaozhi(Annan),there are numerous National political entity,which is different sizes and different power.such as li,Sy,lu,Luo Dian,the southwest five surnames tribes,Ziqi,Temo and the right and left rivers watershed numerous tribes.Song Dynasty and Dali Kingdom was the two major political powers,which were geographically separated from the contact.This has both objective reasons and the subjective reasons for the Song Dynasty to "taboo" Dali and take the initiative to disengage.The Song Dynasty was generally in the relative strength of the national strength in the southern region.However,due to the strong enemies in the north,the Song Dynasty was forced to carry out a strategic contraction in the southwest region.In the three hundred years of the Song Dynasty,it was relatively weak in the southwest region.In terms of geopolitical,there is strong enemies in the north of Song Dynasty,the Song Dynasty is tired of coping,and is in a security predicament.The main force is deployed in the north,insufficient number of Song Dynasty troops in the south,and the defense is weak.Dali Kingdom has the "plateau barrier" natural barrier and additional strength.due to the split of the Tibet in the north of Dali Kingdom,the southern Mekong River Basin,zhancheng,zhenla,pugan both are weakened by war each other,the national strength is weaker than Dali Kingdom,main force of Jiaozhi(Annan)was used for the south conquest of Zhancheng.Factors such as the existence of a broad buffer zone in the east of Dali Kingdom and Song Dynasty have powerless to South Expedition,which is made Dali Kingdom in a superior geopolitical environment.In terms of the resources of war horses,Dali Kingdom is the only high-quality warhorse production area in the south.It monopolizes the resources of war horses and has a very strong military force.The Song Dynasty,especially the Southern Song Dynasty,lost all the sources of war horses.The warhorses depended heavily on Dali Kingdom.Greatly affected the military power of Song Dynasty.The rise of many ethnic political entities of different sizes,strengths between Dali Kingdom and two Song dynasties,some rebel,some attach,some have become the Defensive forces of Song Dynasty,and some have maintained a special relationship with Dali Kingdom,increasing the appeasement cost of the two Song dynasties,resulting in the weak of the two Song dynasties' national strength.Therefore,although the military power of the two Song dynasties is generally stronger than that of Dali Kingdom,in the southwest,the two Song dynasties have always been in a weak position,first facing the most powerful Dali Kingdom in the southwest,and they are in a partial weakness and defensive.After the defeat of Dali Kingdom in Mongolia in AD 1253,the Southern Song Dynasty faced a more powerful Mongolian-Duan's coalition army,and Dali Duan's state implementation of the Counterbalance strategy of following Mongolia's attack on the Southern Song Dynasty accelerated the demise of the Southern Song Dynasty.Because the main force of the Song Dynasty is in the north,military power is weak in the south,and the Song people's "Tang Dynasty died of Huangchao,and the disaster is based on Guilin" is a one-sided historical summary.It is believed that it was because of the multiple incursions of Nanzhao that led to the soldiers uprising of Guilin and the Huang chao Peasant uprising.The uprising led to the demise of the Tang Dynasty.In the real geopolitics,the Song Dynasty faced the security pressures and survival threats of several major revisionist hegemonic countries Such as Liao,Xixia,Jin,and Mongolia.In the southwest,Song Dynasty faced the harassment of the Dadu River wuman tribes,and wuman tribes was also the main nationality of Luo Dian and Ziqi.It is one of the main ethnic groups of Dali and Temo.It is a brave and militant southern nomadic ethnic groups.Wuman's intrusion and looting on the Song Dynasty's border,although only a small part of the intermittent,has made the Song Dynasty considered Dali as Nanzhao,Nanzhao(Dali)is associated with Liao,Xixia and Jin in reality,and they are considered to be both aggressive and expansive,and they regard Dali as Nanzhao,because Dali is believed to be more Chineseization by Buddhism.The deep farming peasant Bai Man and the non-believing Buddhist monks with low degree of Chineseization but the brave and aggressive nomadic ethnic group wuman consisted of two main ethnic groups,while in the geographical distribution of Dali Kingdom's wuman tribes and Luo Dian,Ziqi,Temo and so on are connected with wuman tribes in the immediate vicinity of the two Song dynasties,while the Baiman,who believes in Buddhism,constitutes the main body of the ruling class and implements the policy of peace and defensive,concentrates on the west of erhai and Dianchi.Yunnan region,the vast Wuman tribes and other ethnic minority groups in the white and pretty ghetto Song isolated geographically apart.In addition,the language is unreasonable,the information is occluded and asymmetrical,and the political relations between Song Dynasty and Dali Kingdom are not normal.The Song people regard the entire Dali Kingdom as an aggressive Nanzhao and guard against and "taboo" it.Due to the historical and realistic geopolitical reasons and the asymmetry of the Song Dynasty in the southwest region relative to Dali Kingdom in a local weakness and defensive situation,the Song Dynasty carried out a policy of contain and balance Dali Kingdom,and adopted the swaying and smashing of the southwestern countries around Dali Kingdom.It acts as a hedge against Dali Kingdom;it uses the shackles of the country(Annan)to curb Dali Kingdom;it implements the combination of Luo Dian,Sizhou,Bozhou,and the southwestern five surnames tribes;through the war horse trade,it draws its own,Luo Dian,and special Let it make a fortune and strengthen its strength to balance Dali Kingdom;politically refuse to establish a formal tribute-canalization relationship with Dali Kingdom to isolate Dali Kingdom in the Song-led regional international system,reduce Dali's political status in the system and make it Marginalization;economically restricting Dali Kingdom in the warhorse trade;culturally restricting advanced books and technology into Dali,cultural and technical exchanges are basically stagnant;militaryly strengthens the fighting power of militia of Sichuan and Guangxi,and uses the control of the Nongzhigao event Originally a Dharma of Dali,refused to form an anti-Mongolian military alliance with Dali Kingdom,sitting on Dali and being wiped out by Mongolia."Restrict";via Yunnan mill Daut initiative of Mongolia-a variety of means such as Duan coalition to contain,prevent,contains and balances,fear Dali.The Song Dynasty's asymmetric balance of Dali basically achieved the goal of maintaining the balance of the three centuries of Song Dynasty and Dali Kingdom,and the average potential is the ideal goal pursued by asymmetric contains and balances.With the rise of the most offensive hegemonic revisionist wolf-type country,Mongolia,and the implementation of the Dali's resignation to the Southern Song Dynasty,the Dali's attempt to implement the "Joint-Song-Anti-Mongolian" balance and balance strategy was sent to Sichuan.Infiltrated into Lin'an,but was rejected by the Southern Song Dynasty.The Southern Song Dynasty continued to balance the balance of Dali's asymmetry.The balance of power balance policy of the Dali Kingdom's "Joint Song and Anti-Mongolian" was only a safe self-help.In AD 1253,Dali Kingdom was isolated and helpless.Alter defeating and surrendering to Mongolia,Dali Duan was awarded the title of Mongolian Yuan,the hereditary,The army has become a highly autonomous local ethnic political special zone within the territory of the Mongolian dynasty.In fact,it is a miniature version of the Dali Kingdom.Dali Kingdom continued in the west of Yunnan for more than 120 years until the Ming army occupied Yunnan in AD 1382.Dali Duan's gratefulness to the Mongolian dynasty and the implementation of the strategy of following the Mongolian annihilation of the Song Dynasty,the Dali Duan's cuanbo army cooperated with the Mongolian army to attack the Southern Song Dynasty,accelerating the demise of the Southern Song Dynasty.In AD 1253,when the defeat of the Dali Kingdom until the demise of the Southern Song Dynasty in AD 1279,the Southern Song Dynasty also united the Luo Dian and the southwestern ethnic minority groups tribes to jointly contain the Mongolian-Duan's coalition.but it was too late,because the strength of the Mongolian and Duan's coalition forces far exceeded the strength of the combination of the Southern Song Dynasty and the Southwestern tribes.The asymmetric checks and balancesof the Southern Song Dynasty was no longer effective.The Southern Song Dynasty perished in AD 1279,the Song Dynasty had been"tabooed"Dali Kingdom for three hundred years,and the asymmetry balance was balanced for three hundred years.Eventually,due to the rise and expansion of the hegemonic wolf-type Mongolia in the East Asia regional International system,broke the balance of Dali's asymmetry.Three hundred years and the average trend,it is impossible to avoid the military attack of Dali cuanbo Army to the Southern Song Dynasty,and it is a fatal blow with Mongolia.The geopolitical events that Song Taizu and the monarchs of the two Song dynasties were most worried about still occurred."Tang died of Huangchao and the disaster was based on Guilin","Song died of Mongolia and the disaster was based on Dali." The Song Dynasty's asymmetry balance to Dali also ended with the demise of the Southern Song Dynasty.This shows that the result of contains and balances may be either successful or failed.The success of contains and balances is to restore the balance of power or gain an advantage.The failure of contains and balances means losing balance or losing advantage.The hegemonic power outside the system is the biggest intervention variable.If the rise of the hegemonic power outside the system is not contained,it will lead to imbalance of power,and the balance of asymmetry will turn from success to failure.The Song Dynasty ended the asymmetry check and balance to Dali with the demise of the Southern Song Dynasty,but the accumulated lessons and political wisdom have important practical implications and significance for the development and innovation of today's international relations theory and the formation of the Chinese school.It also has important inspiration and reference value. |
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