Research On The Origin And Evolution Of Marxist United Front Thought

The united front is an important strategy of the proletarian liberation movement founded by Marx and Engels.The Marxist ideology of the united front was introduced into China by Lenin,Stalin and the Communist International.It was combined with the Chinese revolutionary reality and combined with China's excellent traditional culture.It gradually formed a complete set of theoretical guidelines and policies of the Chinese Communist Party.The important part of the general policy and the general route has become a magic weapon for the Communist Party of China in the course of nearly a hundred years of struggle to lead the people,the broadest unity of all forces to continuously win the victory of the Chinese revolution,construction and reform.Based on the classics and writings of Marxism-Leninism,this paper sorts out and analyzes the origin,development and connotation evolution of the united front thinking,in order to achieve the following three objectives:First,through the further research of the "united front" concept,clarify its ins and outs,and improve its definition.Second,through the comparison of various alliance practices and ideas at home and abroad,this paper studies the origin of the alliance's history and culture,and deepen our understanding of the advanced nature of Marxist united front ideology.Thirdly,by sorting out and analyzing the origin and evolution of the United Front,the law of its development and evolution is explored.The author consulted in the original works of German,English,French,and Russian in the classics of Marx,Engels,Lenin,and Stalin in the Central Compilation Bureau Library and founded:Marx and Engels created the doctrine of the proletarian united front,but they expressed "the united front"concept does not create new vocabulary,but uses the words "Allianz" "Ligue"or "Koalitionen".As a special term,"united front" is the creation of Lenin and Stalin.The Communist Party of Chinaintroduced the "united front" from Soviet Russia and the Communist International,which was originally translated as the"United Front" and later renamed.On this basis,the author believes that the predecessors' views on the concept of "unified front" are divided into broad and narrow senses is questionable.The definition of this concept "United Front" can be adjusted as follows:The united front is led by the proletariat and its political parties.In order to completely realize the historical mission of liberating itself and all mankind,unite the various classes and political factions of the class according to the strategic goals and tasks of different periods.And alliances with other classes,classes,political parties,groups,and all forces that can be united.The "United Front" is a special kind of alliance.It has strategic similarities with the various non-proletarian alliances in history,but it is different from the ancient and modern Chinese and foreign emperors or the modern bourgeoisie in order to maintain and expand their power,or maintain a coalition of forces that are balanced.The essence of the proletarian United Front Thought in the period of Marx and Engels can be summarized as the proletariat in order to win the revolution and liberate themselves from the oppression and exploitation of the bourgeoisie,the proletariat must form a broad and solid alliance.Marx and Engels attached great importance to the alliance of the proletariat itself.This alliance includes not only the unity of the proletariat of different political factions in a country,but also the unity of the proletariat of all countries in the world.This kind of alliance strategy has a profound historical tradition in the West.From ancient Greece to the mid-19th century,the political history of the West was almost a complicated history of alliance.In the era of capitalism,with the globalization of capital,capitalists all over the world have formed brotherly alliances,and the struggle for the liberation of workers in any country will be immediately suppressed by capitalists all over the world.Therefore,the proletariat must not fight alone for its own liberation.Workers of the world must form brotherly alliances.The proletarian united front founded by Marx and Engels is strategically related to and essentially different from previous alliances.In the past,all kinds of alliances were alliances of rulers,oppressors and exploiters.Their purposes were either to defeat stronger opponents,to expand their sphere of influence,or to maintain balance of power.In short,they were to consolidate,expand and safeguard the power and interests of rulers.The proletarian alliance is the alliance of the ruled,the oppressed and the exploited,the alliance of rebellion and revolution.Its purpose is to completely overthrow all oppressors and exploiters,liberate the proletariat and all the oppressed and exploited.Therefore,it is a broader,more lasting and more consolidated alliance than all previous alliances.It is a brand new alliance that goes beyond the narrow interests and narrow vision of oppressors and exploiters.This brand-new alliance founded by Marx and Engels has three distinct characteristics:First,it clearly declares itself a proletarian alliance,serving the class struggle of the proletariat to overthrow the bourgeoisie,and serving the thorough emancipation of the proletariat.Secondly,it is clearly declared that the proletarian alliance is antagonistic and antagonistic to the bourgeois alliance,which is two mutually antagonistic alliances.The proletariat should try its best to win over all the intermediate forces between the two antagonistic alliances so that they can become their own allies.Thirdly,the bourgeoisie is worldwide,and the struggle of the proletariat for its own liberation is also worldwide.Therefore,the proletarian revolution is the world revolution,and the proletarian united front is the international united front of the proletariat all over the world.This new alliance,the united front of the proletariat,is entirely united with the struggle of the proletariat against the bourgeoisie,the world revolution of the proletariat and the internationalism of the proletariat.The era of Lenin was an era of imperialism and the proletarian revolution.Leninism is Marxism in the era of imperialism and the proletarian revolution.Lenin's thought of the United Front originated from the great practice of war,revolution and construction,and was embodied in various policies and Strategies of advance and retreat,unity and combination,economy and politics.Lenin's united front thinking is the application and development of the Marxist united front thinking in the concrete practice of the Soviet-Russian revolution.In the era of Marx and Engels,the bourgeoisie was regarded as a whole,regardless of country or nationality.By Lenin's time,the contradiction between the bourgeoisie of imperialist countries and that of the bourgeoisie of Eastern countries was deepening.The latter's struggle against the former for their own development objectively became an integral part of the proletarian world revolution,and these bourgeoisies could also become allies of the proletarian revolution.These bourgeoisie can also Become an allied army of the proletarian revolution.After the establishment of the Communist International,Lenin guided the Communist International to put forward the "working class United front",with the direct aim of seeking unity and unity among the working classes of all countries linked to the Second International and the Second Half International.Lenin also guided the Communist International to use the United Front strategy to unite the proletariat in Western Europe and the oppressed peoples in the East to launch the world revolution.Lenin put forward the idea of "two alliances".One is the alliance between the Soviet Movement of Soviet Russia and the advanced workers of other countries and the national liberation movement of the oppressed colonial nationalities.The other is the temporary alliance between the Communist International and the bourgeois Democrats in backward countries.Lenin's united front thought greatly expanded the scope of the proletarian united front and pointed out the direction for the Chinese revolution.Lenin's thought of the united front is concentrated as "the union of the proletarians and the oppressed nations of the world!”Stalin's outstanding contribution to the Marxist-Leninist united front strategy is to propose the use of contradictions between imperialism and to establish counter-relationships with capitalist countries such as the United Kingdom and the United States.Stalin made use of the contradictions and conflicts of interests between imperialist countries,united with capitalist countries such as Britain and the United States to establish a world anti-fascist alliance,turned former enemies into allies,further expanded the scope of the Leninist United front,exerted the strategy of the United Front to the utmost,and laid a foundation for the defence of socialist countries under the dictatorship of the proletariat and the victory of the world anti-fascist war.At first,the Communist Party of China did not understand how to treat and apply the strategic thought of the United front.With the help of Lenin and the Communist International,it established the first United Front for the cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party and launched a vigorous revolution.The early united front of the Communist Party of China went through hardships and twists.It had both successful experiences and lessons of failure.Mao Zedong,for the first time,combined Marxist strategic thinking on the United Front with the concrete practice of the Chinese revolution,creatively inherited Chinese native culture,made the united front one of the th ree important magic weapons for the Communist Party of China to win the victory of the Chinese revolution,and realized the first historic leap in the Sinicization of Marxist thought on the United front.Mao Zedong's original contribution to the Marxist-Leninist united front theory is a correct solution to the bourgeois problem.Chinese bourgeoisie is divided into the big bourgeoisie(bureaucrat comprador bourgeoisie)and the national bourgeoisie,which is an important feature different from the Eu ropean and American bourgeoisie and is a unique phenomenon in Chinese semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.To distinguish the two and adopt different policies is a very complicated problem that the Chinese revolution must solve.Mao Zedong correctly solved the problem of treating the national bourgeoisie,and correctly solved the problem of uniting for the middle forces.Under the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party,the working class,the peasant class,the petty bourgeoisie and the national bourgeoisie of China formed a Revolutionary Alliance and formed a broad people's democratic united front including the largest number of people,which eventually overth rew the th ree great mountains of imperialism,feudalism and bureaucratic capitalism and won the great victory of the new democratic revolution.After the founding of New China,the important magic weapon of the United Front was not abandoned,but continued to be applied to socialist construction and reform and opening up.Mao Zedong inherited and developed the Marxist thought of the United front,transformed the strategy of the United Front into the long-term strategy of the Chinese Communist Party,inherited and developed Lenin's thought of the party and the non-party alliance,and formulated a series of basic principles of the United Front for the Communist Party of Chinain the socialist period.On the International United front,the Communists of China,represented by Mao Zedong,insisted on proletarian internationalism,firmly supported the struggle for liberation against imperialism and hegemony of the oppressed people and the oppressed nation,and clearly put forward the slogan of "the proletarians of the world unite with the oppressed people and the oppressed nation".On the basis of inheriting Mao Zedong's thought of the United Front,Deng Xiaoping creatively put forward the theory,principles and policies of the United Front in the new period,according to the profound changes in the domestic class relations and the major strategic shift in the focus of national work,and solved a series of foundations such as the nature,status,tasks,objects,scope and policies of the United Front in various fields in the new period.This has formed the theory of the socialist united front with distinct characteristics of the times.After the domestic political turmoil in the 1980s and 1990s and the drastic changes of the world socialist movement,Deng Xiaoping formulated the guiding principles for foreign relations of "keeping light and obscure,never taking the lead".The united front of the Communists of China gradually turned inward.In foreign relations,the world revolution and the international united front were no longer mentioned,but focused on consolidating and developing the patriotic united front.From 1978 to 2018,with the establishment,development and perfection of the theory of socialism with Chinese characteristics,Deng Xiaoping's theory of the United Front in the new period,the theory of the "Three Representatives" on the United front,the theory of the scientific outlook on Development on the united front and Xi Jinping's important exposition on strengthening and improving the United Front have also been realized great leap from creation,development to perfection.This great theoretical leap is also the second historic leap in the Sinicization of Marxist united front thought.The introduction of Marxist united front thought into China shows many characteristics different from those of Marx and Engels and Lenin and Stalin in the process of sinicization.This is because the thought of the Communist Party of China's united front comes not only from Marxism-Leninism,but also from the experience summary of Chinese revolution,construction and reform practice.It is deeply influenced by ancient Chinese political wisdom and has the gene of Chinese traditional political culture.In ancient China,many politicians and militarists used different ways to unite various political forces,created various forms of alliance,and accumulated rich experience and strategies of alliance.These political experiences and strategies have a great influence on the concrete practice of the United Front of the Communist Party of China.Ancient Chinese political wisdom can be summarized as three main aspects:"the world is public","harmony but difference" and "compatibility".Therefore,the Sinicization of Marxist united front thought must have two historical conditions at the same time:one is to combine with the reality of Chinese revolution,construction and reform,the other is to combine with the traditional political culture of China.Three historic changes have taken place in the process of development and evolution of Marxist united front thought.First,the guiding ideology of the United Front has changed from serving class struggle to Serving Socialist construction;with this change,the nature of the United Front has changed from the alliance of all revolutionary classes in the revolutionary period to the alliance of all construction forces in the construction period.Secondly,the strategic objective of the United Front has changed from "making more of ourselves and making fewer enemies' in the revolutionary period to "mobilizing all positive factors" in the construction period.Accompanied with this change,the essence of the United Front has changed from "uniting friends and isolating enemies" to "great unity".Thirdly,the functional orientation of the United Front has changed from the proletarian world revolutionary strategy to the Communist Party of China rulling strategy of governing the country and governing the government.With this change,the role of the United Front has changed from an important magic weapon of "overcoming the enemy and winning" to an important magic weapon of "reigning and rejuvenating the country".There are two main laws governing the development of Marxist united front thought:one is the law of "practice-knowledge" and the other is the law of "inheritance-innovation".Firstly,the Marxist united front thought originates from the proletarian revolutionary practice and is an important strategy for the proletariat to win the revolutionary struggle.From Marx and Engels to Lenin and Stalin to the Communists of China,every development and evolution of the United Front thought,every historical leap,is due to the new problems encountered by the Communists of different times and countries in practice,and the formulation of new strategies to solve the problems.The development of the United Front Thought is only the theoretical expression of the new strategies.Secondly,another driving force for the continuous development of Marxist United Front Ideology is the critical inheritance and creative transformation of traditional political experience and ideas in different civilizations of mankind.Marx and Engels-Lenin-Stalin critically inherited the experience of the European traditional alliance and the bourgeois alliance,and creatively transformed it into the strategic strategy of the proletarian revolutionary struggle.The Communist Party of China critically inherited the rich experience and political wisdom of ancient China,and creatively transformed it into an important magic weapon to win the cause of revolution,construction and Reform in China and an important strategy to govern the country and govern the country.