The Practice Of Neoliberalism Moves Towards Research

Neo-liberalism is an important theoretical school and mainstream ideology of contemporary capitalism.It is a continuation of the development of liberalism to the present.Liberalism originated in England during the revolutionary period of the 17 th century and experienced two stages of development,classical liberalism and modern liberalism.In the previous stage,liberalism opened up two traditions of contractualism liberalism based on the concept of freedom rights and utilitarianism based on the maximization of individual interests.These two traditions demonstrate the rationality of individual freedom on the one hand.The criteria for individual freedom have been established;on the one hand,they have adapted to the need of the early bourgeoisie to break through the feudal order and to the right to liberty;on the one hand,they have adapted to the demand for the free market by the accumulation of bourgeois capital.The two traditions have demonstrated the rationality of liberty and how to achieve the external guarantee of liberty from a political and economic point of view,and completed the construction of the building of a liberal building.However,in concrete practice,the freedom that classical liberalism emphasizes is only an ideal form.Due to the lack of government intervention,it inevitably leads to highlighting various social issues of capitalism.Liberalism began to shift from negative freedom to positive freedom,hoping to ease the growing social crisis through appropriate state intervention.Liberalism began its transition from classical liberalism to modern liberalism.The first stage of modern liberalism is New Liberalism.On the basis of adhering to the core principles of individual liberty of classical liberalism,the state proposes that the state plays an active role in the intervention of economic and social welfare policies.Successful guidance of capitalism goes beyond the economic crisis of the early 20 th century.Representatives include Green,Hobbhaus,and Keynes.The second stage of modern liberalism is Neo-liberalism.In theory,if classical liberalism completes the legitimate construction of individual liberty rights,neoliberalism abstracts the politics of classical liberalism.The concept of free rights turned to the important dimension of how the specific economic development achieved market freedom and thereby guaranteed individual freedom.Through the theory,it put forward more plans and countermeasures for capitalist economic development.Neoliberalism disagrees with the state interventionist policies proposed by the new liberal scholars and advocates privatization,liberalization,and marketization in the economy.He believes that the role of the state is to provide external institutional guarantees for economic development.It is impossible to directly participate in the economy.A direct intervention in the economy will not only result in violation of freedom but also interfere with the market order.Representatives of neo-liberalism include Hayek,Friedman,Buchanan,and other scholars.Although capitalism did not choose neo-liberalism as a guiding policy in the early 20 th century,neo-liberalism has prepared for the development of the next segment of capitalism with the efforts of neo-liberal scholars after more than 30 years of theoretical sculpting.The policy plan gradually took the lead after the 1970 s and became the ideology of reform programs and capitalism chosen by most countries in the world.In the direction of practice,as an alternative to Keynesianism,neo-liberalism was first adopted by the governments of the United Kingdom and the United States,and successfully led the two countries out of the “staggering crisis”.During this period,capitalism shifted from state monopoly capitalism to international monopoly capitalism.Global capitalism rose.The privatization,liberalization,and market policies advocated by neoliberalism have adapted to the need for capital to open the international market.With the opportunity to solve the economic crisis,developed countries have opened up neo-liberal "prescriptions" for their latecomers.Developed countries have led the exporter's ideological "Washington Consensus," and have used the World Bank,the International Monetary Fund,and other international financial organizations to successfully guide Latin American countries and other countries to open their markets.International capital has followed.In the former socialist countries such as the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe,the United Kingdom and the United States guided neo-liberal reforms such as “shock therapy” before the drastic changes in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe and after the drastic changes in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe.Looking at the developed capitalist countries,the late-developed countries in Latin America,and the former socialist countries such as the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe,after adopting the neo-liberal reform program,the short-term effects are obvious and the long-term problems are outstanding.It can be attributed to the following aspects: The policy propositions of neo-liberal privatization,marketization,and liberalization can boost market vitality,reduce government burden,attract capital investment,and encourage people to produce in a short period of time.However,due to the contradiction between the capitalist production socialization and the private ownership of the capitalist capitalism,neo-liberalism only eases the cyclical crisis of capitalism and cannot fundamentally solve the capitalist crisis.This explains why the developed countries such as the United Kingdom and the United States still cannot avoid the root cause of the financial crisis after more than 20 years of implementing the neoliberal policy.In the late-developing countries,neo-liberalism has opened the market gates of these countries through privatization,marketization,and liberalization policies and facilitated the entry of capital.The short-term use of capital by these countries has had a significant effect and has rapidly raised the country's economic level,but Releasing government interventions has caused social and economic problems and the widening gap between the rich and the poor.As a result,economic issues have led to the rapid entry of short-term capital and the rapid escaping of the economy,which has taken away a large amount of national capital.Especially for the socialist countries such as the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe,neo-liberalism not only caused the above-mentioned social problems and economic problems,but also caused people's lack of ideals and beliefs in communism,lack of motivation for socialist construction,and ultimately led to the Soviet Union.disintegration.After the disintegration of the Soviet Union,the examination of the neo-liberal process carried out by various countries after the disintegration showed that neo-liberalism can not lead these countries out of economic difficulties,but it is the policy cause of a new round of economic recession in these countries.International experience shows that neo-liberalism has its rationality as an academic theory and policy practice,but as ideology it has its side to serve capital.The construction of socialism with Chinese characteristics should be guarded against neo-liberalism as ideology and avoid the impact of neoliberalism on China's socialist construction and reform and opening up.This article is based on the "Study of the Trend of Practice of Neoliberalism" and mainly includes five components.First of all,in the introduction,it mainly analyzes the research significance of neo-liberalism and combs the frontier status quo of related research at home and abroad.In the first chapter,the basic meaning of liberalism,the two major traditions of classical liberalism,and the two basic concepts of contemporary liberalism are sorted out.Finally,the theoretical lineage of neo-liberalism is presented.The second chapter introduces the theoretical development of neo-liberalism,discusses the theoretical situation of neo-liberalism from its generation to the present development,and points out that neo-liberalism adapts to the needs of capitalist development and is the ideology of capitalist globalization.Chapter 3 introduces the practice of neo-liberalism in the former socialist countries of the United Kingdom,the United States,Latin America and the Soviet Union.It points out that neo-liberalism has more harm than good in the practice of countries,and it will not only lead to a widening gap between the rich and the poor,and social turmoil.Loss of the historical opportunities for the development of globalization will also lead to the lack of ideals and convictions in the socialist countries and to the occurrence of the socialist construction process.The fourth chapter analyzes that the root cause of neoliberal practice crisis lies in the irreconcilability of capitalist production socialization and means of production.Chapter 5 points out that the path of neo-liberalism in various countries points out that the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics should avoid neo-liberalism's erosion of China's socialist construction.