An Introduction To Lenin's Later Political Philosophy

Since the study of political philosophy was revived in China in the late 1980 s and the study of Marxist political philosophy flourished in China at the beginning of the 21 st century,even though Lenin's political philosophy has not been ignored and forgotten,it is undeniable that it has fallen into the concave ground in two fields: that is,Chinese political philosophy and Marxist political philosophy.What's even more regrettable is that among the few studies on Lenin's political philosophy at present,the research on Lenin's political philosophy in his later period is very little,and the achievement of taking Lenin's political philosophy as a special research object has not yet appeared.In view of this point,it takes Lenin's political philosophy thought as the object of study and makes an investigation and discussion on its generating premise,paradigm turn,core concept,important proposition,overall characteristics,historical evaluation,and so on by adopting the methods of dialectical unity of history and logic,organic unity of text and reality,and cross-unification of part and whole,which is divided into three parts and five chapters:The first part is the first chapter,which mainly examines the historical premise and ideological premise of Lenin's political philosophy in the later period from the point of view of the history of reality and the history of thought.Looking back on history,it can be found that the political philosophy of the past took "explaining the world" as its theme and mission,and Marx and Engels started the political philosophical turn of "changing the world" and Lenin realized the new turn of political philosophy of revolutionizing the existing world on this basis.In a word,Lenin's political philosophy in his later period has a clear practical turn.It's showed based on the turn of the practice that political philosophers can be divided into "ideological political philosophers" and "practical political philosophers" or "academic political philosopher" and "political philosopher" based on their research purposes,the degree of power involved,the influence on reality and other factors.In this sense,Lenin belongs to the "practical" and "political" philosopher,whose political philosophy has strong practicality and pioneering practicality.The second part includes the second,third and fourth chapters,which is mainly from the perspective of concept and proposition to investigate the main content and overall characteristics of Lenin's political philosophy in his later period.As far as the "core concept" is concerned,it can be roughly divided into four categories: the first is the basic concept,which mainly includes "politics"and "philosophy",the former being characterized as "the great political view beyond the ‘regime' and the latter is characterized as "materialism full of fighting";the second is the concept of subjectivity,which mainly includes "state" and "political party",the former being characterized as "the new typeof ‘Leviathan' of the proletariat",and the latter as "the vanguard of socialist construction".The third is dynamic concept,which mainly includes "benefit" and "reform",the former being characterized as "returning to the original driving force of specific individuals",and the latter characterized as "integrated driving force to integrate into daily life".The fourth is the strategic concept,which mainly includes "alliance" and "compromise",the former being characterized as"unity strategy based on the alliance of workers and peasants" and the latter as "tolerance strategy based on identifying enemies and friends".As far as "important propositions" are concerned,there are generally three categories: the first category involves political construction,mainly including "the working masses are the source of strength","the Party should unite like a single person","organs must obey politics" and "Trade unions are the reservoir of state power." The second category relates to economic construction,which mainly includes "building socialism with materials created by capitalism," and "the whole problem lies in giving farmers an economic stimulus and motivation.""the foundation of building a socialist system economically is the most reliable cause."The third category involves cultural construction,mainly including "transforming small farmers takes generations of time","caring for experts like caring of eyes","to grasp the whole chain must grasp the main links." It can be said that "core concept" and "important proposition" jointly explain the main content of Lenin's political philosophy in his later period.By examining these main contents,it can be found that Lenin's political philosophy thought has four characteristics on the whole.The first is the combination of reality and vitality;the second is the coexistence of the times and the world;the third is the co-existence of action and exploration;and the fourth is the combination of principle and flexibility.The third part is the fifth chapter,which is mainly from the angle of the transmission and the influence to examine the historical evaluation of Lenin's political philosophy in his later period.This chapter can be divided into three sections,such as "theoretical orientation","realistic influence" and "contemporary enlightenment" with regards to the two clues of "the pulse of learning" and "blood-vein".The "theoretical orientation" of Lenin's political philosophy in his later period can be examined from three perspectives: for example,in that light of the root cause,what it answers is the fundamental question that runs through the history of political philosophy;in that light of train of thought,what it has opened up is a unique realistic direction and practical direction.As far as the main content is concerned,what it creates is a unique form of political philosophy,which is not only the form of Marxist political philosophy of "Russia-Soviet",but also the form of political philosophy of the Communist Party to build socialism.The "realistic influence" of Lenin's political philosophy in his later period is reflected in the road leading and policy choice of China in the 20 th century.Specifically speaking,it plays a direct catalytic role in proposing the general route during the transition period,and plays an important role in promoting the practice of reform and opening-up.The "contemporary enlightenment" of Lenin's political philosophy thought in his later period can be summarized into three aspects.Firstly,it's the enlightenment of the generation of leading political philosophers,which enlightens us that the political philosophy can be represented in the "do" and can be contained in the "state literature";for the way of influence,it can reply on "words" and can be on the basis of "passion";for the effective reason,it can be with the help of the "great man" and consulted in "the need".Secondly,it's the enlightenment of the pioneering political philosopher's reform,which enlightens us that the socialist reform needs to stick to the political direction and obey the political requirements,need to safeguard the labor value and safeguard the working masses,pay attention to the capital strength and regulate the capital operation,need to match the realistic foundation and improve the real world.Thirdly,it's the methodology enlightenment of practical political philosophers,which enlightens us that class analysis,time analysis and realistic dialectics are still of great contemporary significance in having an understanding of the world situation,judging their own situation,formulating correct strategies and advancing the development of theory.What needs to be stated is that the paper is not intended to put forward a whole concept of political philosophy and even Lenin's political philosophy,and it is not expected to make an exhaustive summary and undisputed general summary of the political philosophy of Lenin in the later period,either,but only tries to explore some practical,enlightening and even interesting problems in Lenin's political philosophy thought in the later period,and with the core concept as the guide and the important proposition as the support for tentative exploration,it's expected to construct and present the ideological picture of political philosophy in the later period of Lenin,to deepen and enrich the understanding of political philosophy,Marxist political philosophy and Lenin's political philosophy.To sum up,the political philosophy of Lenin in his late period is as the primary crystallization of the main content of the socialist construction that grew on the large part of Russia,even though it has been grafted and broken in the process of blooming,its flowers and fruits could still survive permanently on the fertile soil of Marxist political philosophy and even political philosophy with ideological exploration and theoretical reflection.