The Benefits Of Exercise With High Cognitive Demands For The Inhibitory Function In Older Adults

Aging is known to be associated with a decline in various organs and physiological functions of the older adults appear to decline,and these inhibitory functions are also considered as essential evaluation indicators of brain function.Current study will focus on the different exercise with cognitive demands on inhibitory function.At the same time,current study will be built on the adaptive ability model.Current study will further explore the issues related to the improvement of exercise inhibitory function.The purpose is to address the characteristics and brain mechanisms of the effects of diverse cognitive demands on exercise for the older adults.All participants were healthy older adults in current study.Some participants were divided into high and low cognitive demands and no exercise habits control groups classified by exercise habits in some studies.The most of the participants were older adults without exercise habits in other studies.Current study would explore the cognitive demands of exercise,but control other factors of exercise,such as exercise intensity.Thus,the exercises with similar exercise intensity and different cognitive demands were selected.In order to accurately measure exercise intensity and control the level of cognitive requirements.So,the dual task paradigm which is to accomplish cognitive tasks at the same time and to increased cognitive demands in exercise was applied in current study.And current study explored cognitive function at different levels of inhibitory function,in order to gain a deep understanding of the effects of exercise on inhibitory function.Thus,current study will be developed from three parts of the study,including 5 experiments:Study 1 Cross-sectional study to explore the characteristics of inhibiting function and fitness in older adults with different cognitive demands(Experiments 1 and 2).Study 2,based on Study 1 and the theory of Adaptive Capacity,the use of near-infrared technology to further explore the impact of different cognitive demands of acute exercise on cerebral blood flow and inhibitory function.Therefore,on the one hand,current study provides the brain mechanisms that influence the effects of different exercises on the suppression function.On the other hand,it provides specific evidence support for the theory of adaptive capacity(Experiments 3 and 4).Study 3(Experiment 5)will further extend the content of Study 2 and further explore the effects of different cognitive demands on exercise inhibitory function and explore the temporal characteristics of the effects of different interventions on inhibitory function and fitness in the elder.The main results were as follows:(1)The performance of cognitive task,exercise with high and low cognitive demands group both showed shorter reaction time than the control group.Exercise with high cognitive demands group had shorter reaction time of perceptual speed task than the control group and the exercise with low cognitive demands group.(2)In the ERP results,the latencies of N200 in two exercise groups were shorter than that in the control group,and the amplitude of P300 was greater than that in the control group;older adults participated exercise with high cognitive demands had greater P300 in the frontal-central region than exercise with the low cognitive demands.(3)In the fNIRS experiment,high cognitive demands exercise to cause significant prefrontal nerve activity with reading control and cognitive tasks.(4)After exercise with high cognition,Stroop task showed significant enhancement of neural activity in the ventral prefrontal lobe and dorsal prefrontal lobe.(5)12-week high cognitive requirement exercise intervention can significantly improve the performance of cognitive tasks.The following conclusions are drawn from the study:(1)Participation in higher cognitive demands exercise has a greater impact on the inhibitory function of the older adults,not only the inhibitory function task of high inhibition control but also the perceptual speed task of low inhibition control,and the intervention effect appears earlier,supported the Adaptive Capacity model.(2)Participating in the exercise with higher cognitive demands has faster search tasks and more active resource inputs in the cognitive processing process,showing that frontal lobe nerve activity is more significant.(3)Exercise with different cognitive demands effect different on regional cerebral blood flow,with the main difference being the prefrontal lobe.High cognitive demands exercise has a greater impact on the brain's regional cerebral blood flow.At the same time,it was found that the improvement of task performance of the inhibitory function was positively correlated with the level of oxygenation of the dorsolateral prefrontal lobe,and the improvement of perceptual speed task performance was positively correlated with the level of oxygenation of the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex.The change of blood flow from the brain explained that exercise with high cognitive demands to improve cognition better than that of exercise alone.(4)Participating in exercise with highe cognitive demands can improve the physical fitness level of the older adults.The intervention effect is not significantly different from that of aerobic exercise.It shows a more significant effect in the task of higher cognition requirements.