| Research on companies has now become one of the most active areas in the international academic community.The research direction of enterprise issues can be summarized in two major areas:the main direction of studying the market behavior of enterprises,and the main direction of research on the nature of enterprises and internal institutional arrangements.This article places research themes on the nature of the firm and its heterogeneity.Applying a dynamic,non-equilibrium paradigm in research will help drive the promotion of corporate theories in interpreting real-world problems,and for companies and industries.The development provides theoretical support.For a long time,the research on the enterprise is mainly based on the static equilibrium analysis paradigm,reviewing the neo-classical economics and the new institutional economics' understanding of the nature of the enterprise,all of which have certain one-sidedness.In neo-classical economics,companies are regarded as a representative "production function" in the research of market mechanisms,thus making the existence of no difference between enterprises,so that their theory of enterprises cannot explain the existence of "excess profits." In the study of the new institutional economics,the theoretical position of the enterprise has been improved,but its research paradigm still adopts a static equilibrium.Compared with neo-classical economics,it only relaxes the constraints of complete information,and the concept of "transaction cost" After the introduction of enterprise theory,enterprises have become an alternative organization of the market resource coordination mechanism,and the nature of the company has shifted from"production" to "contracts," but it has still not been able to explain the persistence of profit differences among enterprises.This is due to the analysis paradigm,assumptions,research perspectives,and historical limitations of research tools used in theoretical research.To improve the explanatory power of enterprise theory,we must first adopt a research paradigm that has a higher explanatory power for a dynamic economic system.Based on this theory,we re-recognized the nature of the company and its main characteristics,and used it to study the heterogeneity exhibited by the company,to find out the law of the degree of heterogeneity of the company and the influencing factors.The formulation of industrial policies provides theoretical support.Therefore,this article has a theoretical innovation in the study of the nature and heterogeneity of companies under the dynamic non-equilibrium research paradigm,and this paper has important theoretical value for the study of the degree of firm heterogeneity.This paper adopts a dynamic non-equilibrium analysis paradigm in methodology,and adopts(1)a combination of inductive and deductive methods for analysis:(2)Comparative analysis of research methods;(3)Simulation test analysis.This article is a basic theoretical study,first of all,the theory and analysis paradigm of enterprise existence and the evolution of the essence of the theory,and through the neoclassical economics,new institutionalism and classical economics,evolutionary economics,resource capabilities.Knowledge theory and the understanding and summary of Marx,Schumpeter,Simon,and the modern Austrian school on the essence of the enterprise,found that the understanding of the essence of the enterprise mainly includes "production","coordination mechanism","order set","knowledge collection" "Experimental nature." The origin of a variety of corporate nature views lies in the research paradigm,research perspectives,and philosophical foundations employed by firms.This article reviews and discards the research paradigm,philosophical foundation,and main viewpoints used by mainstream economics in researching firm theory,and analyze the limitations of static equilibrium analysis paradigm in the face of dynamic economic system problems.Through combing and analyzing the theory of division of labor,combined with Bazel's theory of moral property rights and the "experimental nature" of Flowserve's entrepreneur"business" theory,the division of labor from the social division of labor and the internal division of labor dynamics,thus demonstrating the existence of corporate organizational form Necessity,but also draws on the dynamic non-balanced paradigm of evolutionary economics that is more advantageous in explaining the economic system with evolution and complexity,constructs this article's enterprise essence view.This article regards the enterprise as a "high efficiency" "meaning-creation system." The existence of the enterprise has a certain purpose,but in the economic system,the existence of an important reason is that compared to the "complete market" and "family organization."In the face of efficiency choices,it has a certain degree of evolutionary advantage.Therefore,the existence of a company is not based on the setting of "complete rationality" of the subject's actor,but on the objective limitations of "real uncertainty","limited rationality" of the actor,and limited resources.Next,it exists through the choice of "efficiency" and "meaning." Moreover,the form,scale,and boundary of the company's existence will change with the changes in the economic system,the system environment,and the level of technology.This will not only have the purpose of the principal agent but also have the randomness of the economic system.Based on the understanding of the essence of the company,the paper then discusses the key characteristics of the company,namely the homogeneity and heterogeneity of the company.In the mainstream economic theory of the firm,neoclassical economics,the Harvard school,and the new institutional economics all consider the company to be homogenous,and thus explain the excess profits of companies and the differences in profits between firms.There is a conflict between theory and reality.In order to better develop the theory of the enterprise,improve the explanation ability of the theory of the enterprise to the real problem,recognize the heterogeneity between the enterprises is necessary,and must use this as a basis to re-understand the enterprise.Liszt and Edwin-Kannan supplemented Adam Smith's theory and provided the basis for the study of corporate heterogeneity in terms of knowledge and ability.Simon's "limited rationality" and Knight's "real uncertainty Sexuality and the Austrian school provide important ontological assumptions for the study of corporate heterogeneity.Later theoretical studies of economics scholars,including Penrose,Nelson,Winter,and Witt,laid the foundation for research directions and methodology for the study of firm heterogeneity.Summarizing the above theoretical sources,we can come to the research paradigm of enterprise heterogeneity,that is,under the environment of "limited rationality","satisfaction principle",and "real uncertainty",using a dynamic non-equilibrium paradigm for enterprises Theoretical research.The connotation and causes of corporate heterogeneity are mainly explained through the differences in corporate resources,knowledge,capabilities,and"conventions" proposed by Nelson and Winter.The reasons can be attributed to the following three points:First,the company is a historical one.Continuously producing long-evolved organisms,the core knowledge and capabilities accumulated by companies in growth are unique and valuable.Second,the company's core knowledge and capabilities as a key production factor of a company are non-competitive;(3)The company's core knowledge and capabilities are difficult to imitate and replace.It is not possible to expose the cost and gain of the other companies' imitation and substitution through the open market pricing and acquisition.In this paper,it is an important research direction to explain the heterogeneity of enterprises from the knowledge,ability and practice of the enterprise,but the theory does not involve the source of differentiation of knowledge,ability and practice and the discussion of dynamic changes,but there is a priori hypothesis..Based on the above theories,this paper believes that the heterogeneity among firms is inevitable,and the inevitability comes from the microscopic individuals that make up the company.The micro-individuals have "uncertainty," "limited rationality," "psychological mechanisms," and resources.In the context of scarcity and other environmental issues,they will actively seek out "novelty" behavior.The emergence of novelty between the subjects is the "trial and error" behavior that the subject seeks to improve the"fitness." Because of the interactive effects of exogenous and endogenous causes,individual "novelty" behaviors will change dynamically.Based on the above theories,this article continues to study the issue of corporate heterogeneity,that is,the degree of heterogeneity of the company.The analysis of the degree of enterprise heterogeneity is an important direction to explore the theory of enterprise development,evolution and industrial development.The degree of enterprise heterogeneity is directly related to the direction and speed of the evolution of enterprises and industries.This paper distinguishes between the "pre-event" and"post-event" time differences of corporate behavior,and uses the "behavior-result relationship”to build a "business-industry" double level open that includes the "real uncertainty" impact.Based on the theoretical model,and based on this,the degree of corporate heterogeneity simulation experiments.In the simulation experiment,six questions about the degree of enterprise heterogeneity were mainly discussed,namely:(1)the relationship between intra-industry competition and inter-firm heterogeneity;(2)inter-industry"transferable resources" The relationship between liquidity and the degree of heterogeneity among firms' behaviors(3)The relationship between the degree of"learning ability" among firms and the degree of heterogeneity among firms in the industry(4)The degree of heterogeneity among firms in the industry Relationship with the size of the industry's competitiveness(5)The frequency and degree of occurrence of "real uncertainty" impact on the degree of heterogeneity of behavior among firms(6)"transferable resources" and "non-transferable lines" "Resources”has a relationship between the different proportions of influence in corporate behavior and the degree of heterogeneity of behavior among firms.Through simulation experiments,the variation law of the degree of enterprise heterogeneity under different parameter settings was obtained,and its laws were analyzed theoretically.This article is a basic theoretical research and has the following innovations:(1)Presenting the essential view of the enterprise from the dynamic non-equilibrium paradigm;(2)Explaining the heterogeneity of the enterprise from the micro-individual level;(3)A model for estimating the degree of enterprise heterogeneity in an open system under the influence of two levels of"enterprise-industry";(4)Using the simulation model to deeply study the degree of enterprise heterogeneity.In view of the limitations of the author's ability,there are many deficiencies in this article:(1)lack of empirical research;(2)analysis is more general,many issues need to be further studied;(3)when studying the degree of enterprise heterogeneity,it only involves the interaction between enterprises and industries,does not consider the interaction with other entities.This led to the lack of policy analysis and recommendations. |
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