| In the process of market economy transformation,our system is not totally relied on "external(Western)policies and rules",but in accordance with Chinese special national conditions and reform process.We formed a series of special policies,rules,paths and methods and achieved the institutional transformation of the state.If we use the perspective of institutional change to examine the meaning of "Chinese model",it means that China has developed a system of institutional innovation with Chinese characteristics in the past 30 years,that is,the "Chinese model" is the "endogenous system" in the process of reform and opening up gradually.Among them,the development zone policy is a vivid expression of "Chinese model".As an important part of Chinese reform and opening-up policy,the development zone is an important strategic decision and institutional innovation initiatives.Since the beginning of the1980 s,from the central authorities to the local authorities,the government has approved the establishment of special economic zones,economic and technological development zones,high-tech industrial development zones,border economic cooperation zones,bonded areas,export processing zones,national tourism resorts and other different types of development zones,they have become Chinese active economic growth point.At the same time,as an important policy tool,the development zone has become an important carrier to attract investment,enhance the production efficiency of enterprises and promote the economic development of the region.Of course,we certainly affirmed the development model of the Chinese characteristics.At the same time,we should notice that there are many problems of the national large-scale development zone policy,such as low efficiency,waste of land resources,low innovation efficiency and so on.Based on the literature combing,this paper takes the Shanghai Development Zone as the research object and based on the macro-level data of 108 industrial parks in Shanghai from 2009 to 2015 to analysis Shanghai Industrial Parks’ performance and development stage from the economic scale,the development quality,the scientific and technological innovation ability,the management service environment and the comprehensive Development capacity.We only found that three parks have entered the stage of innovation-driven development,which are Zhangjiang Hi-Tech,Caohejing New Technology Development Zone and Shanghai Cambridge Industrial Zone.Of course,Shanghai Zizhu Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone,International Automobile City and Jiading Industrial Park and other parks have achieved a virtuous development stage of the integration of the city,from the old development model to the innovation-driven development model change.These parks are often showing the leading role of industrial change.And enterprises often begin to seek new ways of development to seize the new leading industries in the fierce competition surroundings,such as through technological innovation.But even these two types of parks,in Shanghai,only 16.The rest of the industrial park is still in the early stages of industrial agglomeration or even still rely on land-driven stage.Of course,in order to promote the development of zones,the design of policy must be based on rigorous academic research.The institutional reform deviates the law of economics and the laws of industrial development the policy is difficult to play an effective role,and even restrict development of zones,which will become institutional barriers for further growth.To this end,we selected the industrial enterprises in Shanghai from 1998 to 2013 in the micro-database of Chinese industrial enterprises,and analyzed the relationship between industrial zones and enterprise productivity.From the results,the productivity of enterprises in the industrial zones is indeed significantly higher than the productivity of enterprises outside of the zones,which is consistent with our daily observation.On the other hand,we found that theEnterprises have favorable conditions in the land support,financial support,technology spillovers and other aspects for the further development of enterprises and technological progress after entering the zones.Based on the literature and theoretical analysis,there are five channels,namely,tax incentives,financial support,human capital advantage,monopolistic market environment and government subsidy,make strong support for economic development and technological progress.These five channels are the most important mechanisms in the current development zone policy on the enterprise impact channel.Based on the data,we found that in the Shanghai area,the tax incentives,financial support,human capital advantages and monopolistic market environment is more significant,and the government subsidy is not significant in statistical.More importantly,even these four channel which have significant effects are also closely related to the characteristics of the industry and the developmental stage of the zones.And the effects of different policies may be the opposite in different industries and different development stages of the zones.Further research indicates that the mix of these policies is inefficiency and will attenuate the financial support and agglomeration effect.Therefore,the multi-policy combination may not have good effect in the reality.We find a natural reasoning that there are no consistent and universal policies and we cannot promote the development of enterprises through a variety of complementary policies.According to the industry characteristics and development stage of zones,then we can use precise policies to promote enterprise innovation and the development of zones.And this is the most effective way for Shanghai Development Zone.Based on the above findings,we take the Baoshan Industrial zones,which is still in the stage of factor driving,as an example.And we based on the micro-data of Baoshan Industrial Park to analyze the institutional obstacles and solutions for these obstacles under the framework of the previous analysis.Through the data,we found that although the Shanghai Industrial Park has land,tax and other advantages,but thedevelopment model lagging behind,relying heavily on the government subsidies and lack of efficient management capacity lead these parks cannot achieve a special upgrade.In particular,three important channels,which are financial support,human capital agglomeration and to create a healthy competitive environment,are failed to play an effective role in the innovation and development process of these parks.And government subsidies also caused a serious distortion of the resource price.It can be concluded that this is a common feature of the development of industrial parks in Shanghai’s backward areas.And capital,land and various policies are critical for these backward development zones which represented by Baoshan Industrial zones.Combined with data analysis and the advantages and shortcomings of Shanghai area,we focus on the industrial park which are development stage lag,poor innovation capacity and low land use efficiency,from tax incentives,financial support,human capital advantage,healthy competition environment and government direct subsidies to provide practical policy recommendations for these industrial parks.The policy design of this paper is based on the theory and data,so as to make the development zones of the districts and counties become the powerful starting point for the upgrading of the industrial structure of Shanghai and the innovation to drive the new economy. |
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