Peasant Houshold's Response To And Economic Effects Of Outsourcing In Processes Of Agricultural Production

Forty years of reform and opening up,China's rural areas have developed rapidly,which is based on the household contract responsibility system with remuneration linked to output.However,there are new challenges for the “three rural issues” problem in China,in the wake of emerged new problems.To sum up,it includes: obvious division of farm labor,concurrently operating of small-scale farmer households,rural labor force transferred from agricultural to non-agricultural,separating rural land ownership rights;contract rights;and management rights(three rights allocation),dissimilation of farmers' income,prominent food security,widely promoted for agricultural mechanization,rapid increase in application of agricultural technologies,the fragmentation of farmland management,the rapid development construction of the market-oriented agricultural production.Nevertheless,it is always constant for the status of the national foundation of agriculture.Under the guidance of the separating rural land ownership rights,contract rights and management rights policy,from the angle of the rational farmer and the maximization of the total welfare of the farmer's household,from the perspective of behavioral economics,the paper focus on the analysis of how to achieve economies of scale in agricultural production,how to achieve the economy of scope of the family,and to increase farmers' income.This is also a major challenge of agricultural modernization in the new era about the development of agricultural modernization.China's three staple foods include Wheat,and based on the status of grain rations,the paper use the micro-survey data of wheat growers in Henan and Shanxi province.The principal line lies on land,capital,labor,and technical factor of agricultural production.From the perspective of the cognition of land property rights and the concentration of factors,it is constructed that a theoretical framework for the response of agricultural production outsourcing to achieve the goals of economies of scale and economy of scope.Furthermore,it carries out theoretical analysis and empirical test for the response to agricultural production links outsourcing and the realization of economic effects from the perspective of factor concentration.The paper analyzes the rural households' outsourcing response to from the three dimensions,including the level of outsourcing,the behavior of outsourcing and the decisions of outsourcing.First of all,from the perspective of the “three rights allocation” reality,it analyses the level of outsourcing in agricultural production link,which is based on farmers' cognition of ownership structure and the cognition of effect of outsourcing to property rights.Through analysis of the impact relationships,it concludes differences of the degree of outsourcing between links and influencing factors for the degree of outsourcing.Secondly,from the perspective of the concentration of factors in the production process,the behaviors of the rural households for the agricultural capital-intensive and labor-intensive links of outsourcing are analyzed.Thirdly,it constructs the theory framework of decision-making in outsourcing from farmers' cognition,willingness and behavior,analyzing the relationship of technology-intensive links between outsourcing cognition,willingness and behavior,analyzing influencing factors of outsourcing willingness for technology-intensive links and outsourcing behavior.Finally,from the perspective of the effect of the economies of scale of agricultural production and the economy of scope of family households' production in realization,this paper analyzes the impact rural household's production chain outsourcing to the economies of scale for household production,measure the economy of scale of rural household and the influencing factors to realization of the economy of scale.According to the research logic and perspective,the mainly research conclusions in this study are as follows:(1)Under the guidance of the policy of “three rights allocation” in agricultural land,the cognition of structure property rights is by the 4 measured variable reaction,which are the farmers' cognition of control rights over agricultural land,recognition of risk collection,cognition of clarification in property rights,and the economic dependence on farmland.The results of all the path coefficients are significant,and the normalized load values are 0.67,0.62,0.67,and 0.61 respectively.In addition,cognition of property rights structure in outsourcing has a significant positive effect on cognition of property rights effect in outsourcing.Sub-regions shows that there are significant differences between regions;but the comparison of the old age and non-aging groups found that the coefficient of influence of the non-aging rural households is greater than that of the old age groups.The cognition of effect in property rights has a significant positive impact on the degree of outsourcing in labor-intensive level,that is,the cognition of structure for property rights has a mediating effect on the degree of the cognition of effect in property rights,with an indirect effect of 0.117 and a total effect of 0.147.From the results of sub-regional,there are regional differences of the influence from the cognition of effect in property rights to the degree of outsourcing in labor-intensive level,and effects of aging farmers is greater than that of non-aging rural households.(2)The small scale cultivation is still mainly on wheat,and the proportion of production outsourcing behavior shows that capital-intensive factors is relatively high than the labor-intensive factors.The capital element has an effect on the farmers' wheat cultivation,and achieving the vertical division through the outsourcing,which also has an important impact on the economies of scale of the production process.The concrete manifestation is that the present value of the machinery has a significant negative effect on the outsourcing behavior of the farmer's farmland,seeding,and harvesting links.Wheat cultivation acreage also has a significant effect on the value of holding machine.The labor factors have an important influence on the non-agricultural transfer of rural labor and the part-time agricultural production.Specifically,the number of family laborers in rural areas has a significant negative impact on farmers' outsourcing activities for plant protection links,irrigation links,and fertilizer links,but non-agricultural wages have a significant effect on the number of laborers from households in rural households.(3)The farmers' cognition of ease-of-use awareness and effectiveness of technology-intensive factors outsourcing have a significant positive impact on the willingness of technology-intensive factors outsourcing.After taking into account regional adjustment effects,the influence coefficient of ease-of-use cognition on outsourcing willingness significantly changes to bigger.While considering the interactive effects of the cognition of ease-of-use and effectiveness,the influence coefficient of effectiveness cognition on outsourcing willingness has become significantly larger.Besides,regional differences have a regulatory effect between the awareness of effectiveness and the willingness to outsource technology-intensive links.There is a positive correlation among agricultural technology-intensive outsourcing activities.The decision-making of agricultural technology-intensive outsourcing is the direct and indirect impact of farmers' technology-intensive outsourcing,including awareness,willingness and behavior.Specifically,the higher degree of cognition of ease-of-use in technology-intensive outsourcing is,the greater probability of choosing technology-intensive links outsourcing are.The greater awareness of effectiveness the farmer is on technology-intensive outsourcing,the bigger probability that the farmer choose of outsourcing with technology-intensive links.The higher willingness of outsourcing the farmer is,the greater the possibility of choosing the plant protection links and fertilizer links.(4)The extent of outsourcing has a negative effect on the economies of scale of agriculture,and the specific manifestation is that the comprehensive weight of household outsourcing degrees has a significant negative impact on the yield per unit area of wheat,and the technical factors have a moderating effect on the degree of outsourcing and wheat yield.Outsourcing costs has a negative effect on the effects of agricultural economies of scale,and the specific performance is that outsourcing costs have a significant positive impact on wheat yields,even more technical factors have a moderating effect between outsourcing costs and wheat yields.Agricultural plant size has a negative impact on economies of scale,and the specific performance is that the fragmentation of farmland has a significant negative effect on the yield of wheat,and the same time,technical elements have a regulatory effect between the degree of fragmentation and the yield of wheat.Within the variables of realization family economy of scope,the absolute net income of rural households has a significant positive relationship with the vertical income before and after the agricultural outsourcing.The outsourcing supply variables have a significant positive effect on the vertical income changes of the wheat growers before and after the production link outsourcing.The outsourcing supply variables have a significant positive impact on the horizontal household net income of wheat growers.About the variables of migrant workers,the proportion of non-agricultural labor force has a significant positive effect on the vertical income changes of wheat growers before and after the production process outsourcing.Wages of the migrant workers have a significant positive effect on the horizontal household net income of wheat growers,and wages in agriculture have a significant positive effect on the vertical income changes of wheat growers before and after production outsourcing,but have a significant negative effect on horizontal household net income.