| International division of labor is the foundation of international exchange and international trade,and it is also the basic way for the existence and operation of the world market.The international division of labor was formed in the 1760 s.With the development of the scientific and technological revolution and economic globalization,the international division of labor has been constantly changing,forming the evolution trend from "inter-industry specialization" to "intra-industry specialization" to "intra-product specialization".In the 1980 s,multinational corporations in developed countries transferred the processing and manufacturing of products to developing countries through outsourcing and vertical FDI.Intra-product international specialization has developed rapidly,forming an international division of labor system with multinational corporations as the main body and foreign investment and cross-border mergers and acquisitions as the main form.Enterprises in developing countries mainly participate in the division of labor in the form of processing trade.From the dual perspectives of productivity and production relations,the intra-product international specialization has double-sided characteristics.From the perspective of productivity,the intra-product international specialization has created a huge productivity effect.However,from the perspective of production relations,the intra-product international specialization is dominated by developed capitalist countries with capital and technology.The asymmetry of rights of enterprises in developed countries and enterprises in developing countries leads to inequality in the distribution of benefits.Enterprises in developed capitalist countries occupy high value-added production links by virtue of technological advantages,while developing countries that passively join global value chains only engage in low value-added production.Since the reform and opening up,China has actively participated in the international division of labor based on the comparative advantages of primary production factors such as labor and resources,and cut into the global production network of international division of labor in the form of processing trade.Chinese manufacturing industry has gradually integrated into the world economic system.However,Chinese manufacturing companies have long been locked in the production of low value-added products,so they cannot share more profits from international division of labor.The dominance of "developed capital" supported by technology to "cheap labor" has become a bottleneck for the development of Chinese manufacturing industry.Therefore,Chinese manufacturing industry is facing tremendous pressure to transform and upgrade.Based on the Marxist division of labor theory,the paper comprehensively analyzes the value creation logic and value distribution logic of intra-product international specialization.At the same time,the paper analyzes the status and development dilemma of Chinese manufacturing industry in the international division of labor from the perspective of developing countries.Finally,the paper combines the Marxist division of labor to propose an effective path for the upgrading of Chinese manufacturing industry.Firstly,the paper systematically sorts out the Marxist international division of labor.Marx expounded the duality of international division of labor from two aspects of productivity and production relations.He dialectically analyzed the relationship between "capital" and "labor" in the international division of labor system,and proposed the idea of eliminating alienation,eliminating passive division of labor,and establishing active division of labor.Marxist political economists such as Samir Amin elaborated the inequality of the international division of labor system in combination with the status quo of international division of labor,and proposed policy recommendations for developing countries to get rid of dependence.Through the systematic analysis of Marxist international division of labor thought,this part summarizes the motivation of international division of labor,the root of the imbalance of international division of labor system and the new choice of international division of labor from the perspective of Marxist political economy.This part provides the theoretical basis for the full text.Secondly,it comprehensively analyzes the connotation and pattern of intra-product international specialization,and studies the duality of intra-product international specialization based on the Marxist division of labor.The intra-product international specialization is the result of the combination of corporate division of labor and social division of labor.It is the result of the expansion of part-time work within the enterprise and is the global network division led by multinational corporations.Under the intra-product international specialization,multinational corporations use the labor and resource advantages of developing countries to lay out different processes for product production on a global scale,thereby obtaining greatereconomic surplus.However,from the perspective of production relations,the economic surplus created by the international division of labor has been unevenly distributed between producers in technology-intensive sectors and producers in labor-intensive sectors.Central countries with mastery of technology have acquired more “economic surplus”,thus forming a "central" and "peripheral" pattern.Thirdly,combined with the duality of intra-product international specialization,the paper analyzes the direction of manufacturing upgrading under the intra-product international specialization.There are three major directions for upgrading the manufacturing industry: from simple assembly and processing links to core parts production links,from manufacturing to technical research and development,and from manufacturing to brand marketing.The industrial chain governance model in the process of industrial upgrading,the type and direction of technological progress in the process of industrial upgrading,and the ability and level of high-quality human capital accumulation in the process of industrial upgrading all affect the position of manufacturing enterprises in the international division of labor.Then,combined with the development process of Chinese manufacturing industry under the intra-product international specialization,the paper comprehensively summarizes and deeply analyzes the achievements of Chinese manufacturing,existing problems and its position in the international division of labor.At the same time,the paper takes the notebook computer industry as an example to analyze the urgency of Chinese manufacturing industry upgrading.Since the reform and opening up,processing trade has become the main way for Chinese manufacturing industry to participate in intra-product international specialization.By undertaking the manufacturing outsourcing of international multinational companies,Chinese manufacturing has quickly integrated into the international division of labor value chain,achieving rapid growth and rapid development,and the status of international division of labor has gradually increased.However,Chinese manufacturing industry has been locked in the low-end for a long time in the international industrial chain of products,and has gradually lost its initiative and control in the global value chain.Foreign-funded enterprises have become the leading force in Chinese processing trade.Therefore,although Chinese manufacturing industry has achieved significant growth,it has led to dependency development,and it is facing strong industrial upgrading pressure.Finally,combined with the international environment and domestic environment of economic development,the article proposes an effective path and policy recommendations for Chinese manufacturing upgrade.In order to promote Chinese manufacturing to the mid-to-high end of the global value chain,it is necessary to realize the evolution from the "strong chain" to the "new chain",and to innovate the international division of labor and profit sharing mode in the "new chain." The upgrading of Chinese manufacturing industry structure will be a gradual process.Chinese manufacturing enterprises should shift from passive participation in international division of labor to actively constructing a new international division of labor,from global value chain led by multinational corporations in developed countries to actively constructing global value chains dominated by local enterprises,from “dependent development” to “independent development”,and finally establish a new international division of labor and profit sharing model.If Chinese manufacturing enterprises want to change the passive division of labor,they should not only use the comparative advantages of natural primary elements statically,but actively develop dynamic acquired resource endowments,realize the accumulation of advanced production factors such as human capital and independent innovation of key core technologies,in order to cultivate dynamic competitive advantage and provide lasting power for industrial development. |
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