| Since the early 1990 s,China has actively carried out trade liberalization reform,accelerated the process of China’s marketization,and accelerated China’s integration into the world’s trading system.After China’s successful entry into WTO at the end of 2001,it faithfully fulfilled its WTO commitments,dramatically reduced the trade protection degree.With the improvement of China’s marketization and openness,its economic potential has been greatly released.The growth rate of GDP has reached a new high.The proportion of total GDP in the world has been rising continuously.The gap between China and the United States is narrowing,and it has leaped to become the largest foreign trade country in the world.Two big economies.It has been more than 20 years since China joined the WTO.Manufacturing industry has not only played an important role in the expansion of China’s economic aggregate,but also played an important role in upgrading and optimizing its structure.Especially,high and new technology has been widely used,which has greatly improved the production efficiency of manufacturing industry,further optimized the structure of China’s import and export trade,and enhanced the international competitiveness of export products.The 20 years after China’s entry into WTO are also the 20 years of deepening the reform of China’s foreign trade system.The most important achievement is the deepening of trade liberalization.So,how does the deepening of China’s trade liberalization affect the development of China’s manufacturing industry and whether it has a significant correlation is a question worth pondering.Under the background of the prevailing international trade protectionism and the opposition of the Chinese government to protectionism,the maintenance and strengthening of the multilateral trading system and the construction of an open world economy,it is of great theoretical and practical significance to discuss this issue in depth.In view of this,under the framework of industrial organization theory and heterogeneous enterprise trade theory,and with China’s entry into WTO,this paper attempts to research the relationship between manufacturing performance and trade liberalization(entrance and exit of enterprises,marginal profit margin and technological progress).It proves theoretically and practically that China’s opening-up is deepening and China’s trade liberalization is constantly changing.Whether China’s trade liberalization has improved the efficiency of resource allocation in manufacturing industry and its effect on the technological progress of manufacturing industry.International trade and manufacturing performance have always been classic topics in economic research.According to the theory of industrial organization,the comprehensive evaluation of industrial performance is mainly carried out from the aspects of resource allocation efficiency,scale structure efficiency and technological progress.In the new trade theory,international trade is an important factor affecting manufacturing performance,and also an important driving force for technological progress.That is to say,in an open economy environment,international trade can promote the improvement of manufacturing performance through trade liberalization.However,previous studies neglected the manufacturing profit margin as the core,and the research on technological progress did not take into account the bias of the impact of international trade on technological progress.Therefore,in the context of China’s adherence to further opening up,it is of great theoretical and practical significance to comprehensively study the impact of trade liberalization on manufacturing performance from a new perspective.Therefore,this paper combs the classical literature of trade liberalization and heterogeneous enterprise trade theory,industrial performance and technological progress theory,and systematically studies the impact of China’s trade liberalization on the three dimensions of enterprise structure change,marginal profit margin of manufacturing industry and technological progress.This paper calculates the trade liberalization index with highly detailed import measurement at product level,such as import penetration at different levels of Chinese manufacturing industry,comprehensive tariff level and trade dependence,and further calculates the final product import penetration and intermediate product import penetration in manufacturing industry on the basis of BEC classification method.In the aspect of manufacturing performance,the paper calculates the entry and exit rate,marginal profit margin and biased technological progress index of representative important indicators.This paper summarizes the characteristics and laws of the evolution of China’s trade liberalization and manufacturing performance,and then makes an empirical study on how trade liberalization affects performance.The purpose of this study is to answer the following questions: Does trade liberalization affect the entry and exit of manufacturing enterprises? What is the resource redistribution effect of trade liberalization? What are the changing trends and characteristics of marginal profit margin of Chinese manufacturing industry? Does trade liberalization promote marginal profit margin of Chinese manufacturing industry? What is the impact of trade liberalization on the factor bias of technological progress in China’s manufacturing industry? How to improve the performance of China’s manufacturing industry?This paper include four parts.First part introduced the related concepts and significance of the topic,as well as the research content,research methods and text structure,research difficulties and innovations.The second part is the question.At the first summarizes and reviews the theoretical changes of trade liberalization,enterprise heterogeneity and enterprise innovation.This paper reviews the relevant literature on the relationship between trade liberalization and manufacturing performance(enterprise entry and exit,profit margin and technological progress),and briefly analyses and summarizes the characteristics of China’s import trade changes.The second reviews the process of China’s trade liberalization and policy,and summarizes the characteristics of import trade changes in China.Meanwhile it reviews the evolution of China’s manufacturing industry performance,and summarizes the changing rules and characteristics represented by marginal profit margin.The third is the part of theoretical analysis,the relationship between trade liberalization and manufacturing performance and China’s practice.As a theoretical basis,this paper mainly analyses the impact of trade liberalization on the efficiency of resource redistribution in manufacturing industry;how trade liberalization determines the level of manufacturing profits;how trade liberalization determines the technological progress of manufacturing industry;and the course of China’s trade liberalization and manufacturing development.The third part is the core content of this paper,studies the impact of trade liberalization on the entry and exit of industrial enterprises.Firstly,the hypothesis of trade liberalization on the entry and exit of industrial enterprises is put forward according to the theory of the second part.Then,the probit model is used to conduct empirical research on the micro-data of Chinese industrial enterprises from 1999 to 2007.In this chapter,the impact of total import,final import and intermediate import on entry and exit of micro-enterprises is analyzed in detail,and reasonable explanations are given.Secondly studies the impact on marginal profit margin,and then makes an empirical study using China’s industrial economic data from 1999 to 2007.Thirdly studies whether trade liberalization will affect the biased technological progress of Chinese manufacturing enterprises.Based on the standardized CES production function,the Hicks biased technological progress index is deduced,and the substitution elasticity and factor-enhanced technological progress index are estimated by Kmenta approximate estimation method.On this basis,the biased technological progress index of manufacturing enterprises and industries in China is calculated and its changing trend is analyzed.This paper uses panel data regression method to empirically analyze the impact of international trade on biased technological progress.Import trade and export trade have a positive impact on biased technological progress,and export trade has a significantly greater impact on biased technological progress than import trade.The fourth part is the summary and prospect of the full text research.According to the contents of the previous chapters,it summarizes the research conclusions,draws the corresponding policy enlightenment,and further puts forward the prospect of future research directions.The main findings of this paper are as follows:First,the import growth brought about by trade liberalization has a positive effect on the entry of Chinese manufacturing enterprises,and both intermediate and final imports have a positive effect on the entry of manufacturing enterprises;the increase of imports generally promotes the exit of Chinese manufacturing enterprises,and has a greater impact on the exit of inefficient manufacturing enterprises;however,the import of intermediate goods has a negative impact on the exit of manufacturing enterprises,that is to say The import of intermediate goods will increase the survival probability of manufacturing enterprises,while the import of final products will promote the withdrawal of Chinese manufacturing enterprises.Secondly,in view of the impact of trade liberalization on the marginal profit margin of manufacturing enterprises,the research shows that the import weighted tariff of manufacturing enterprises has a positive impact on the marginal profit margin of manufacturing enterprises,which indicates that the higher the import tariff of final products,the better the domestic manufacturing enterprises can be protected from the fierce competition of similar products from abroad,thus obtaining a higher cost bonus;and the import penetration rate has a positive impact on the marginal profit margin of manufacturing The negative impact of marginal profit margin shows that the greater import competition brought about by trade liberalization,the lower the cost addition of manufacturing enterprises,thus verifying the trade gains measured by the reduction of marginal profit margin after trade liberalization.However,in the long run,the negative impact of import competition caused by liberalization on the marginal profit margin of Chinese manufacturing enterprises does not exist.Thirdly,through the empirical analysis of biased technological progress,this paper answers that the technological progress of China’s manufacturing industry shows the characteristics of biased technological progress in the sample period,biased technological progress is widespread in China,and technological progress in the sample period is biased towards capital on the whole;due to the different resources endowment and technological types of different industries,biased technological progress Generally speaking,trade liberalization has a positive impact on biased technological progress,but the degree of impact depends on the impact of import and export trade on it.In different types of enterprises and industries,the impact of trade liberalization on biased technological progress is different.The innovations of this paper are as follows:First,using BEC classification,imports are divided into intermediate imports and final imports.From the perspective of resource redistribution effect,competition effect and technology spillover effect brought about by trade liberalization,the impact on the performance of China’s manufacturing industry is confirmed.The specific impact is reflected in the improvement of resource allocation efficiency and marginal profit margin,and the promotion of technological progress.It enriches the research on manufacturing performance.Secondly,we innovatively combine trade liberalization with industrial performance measurement index,Lerner index(hereinafter referred to as "marginal profit margin"),and systematically study the relationship between trade liberalization and manufacturing profitability.It is not only different from the current research on the use of marginal cost plus rate index,but also deeply defines the differences between them,which provides a new way of thinking for the future research on the impact of international trade on manufacturing performance.Thirdly,the paper systematically puts forward the mechanism and results of trade liberalization’s influence on biased technological progress in China’s manufacturing industry.Empirical results show that trade liberalization has a positive impact on biased technological progress,but the degree of impact depends on the impact of import trade and export trade,which forms a useful supplement to the research on the impact of trade liberalization on technological progress. |
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