| The research presented in this dissertation focuses on the survey design, acquisition, processing, and interpretation of ultra-shallow seismic reflection (USR) data in two and three dimensions. The application of 3D USR methods to image multiple reflectors less than 20 m deep, including the top of the saturated zone (TSZ), a paleo-channel, and bedrock, are presented using conventional acquisition methods and a new automated method of acquiring 3D data using hydraulically planted geophones. Processing techniques that focus on near-surface problems, such as intersecting reflection hyperbolae caused by large vertical velocity changes and processing pitfalls, are also discussed. The application of AVO analysis of 2D USR data collected during a pumping test yielded amplitude variations related to the thickness of the partially saturated zone that correlated spatially and with changes in pumping. USR methods were also used to image the TSZ less than one meter deep, the shallowest TSZ reflection to date. |
