Transnational mobilization to empower local activism: A comparison of the Korean human rights and environmental movements

To highlight the significant role of the transnational impact on local activism neglected by previous research on the Korean social movements, I use the broad concept of transnational mobilization, which includes three kinds of transnational activism strategies: transnational advocacy networks, transnational coalitions, and transnational social movements. To map out such a dynamic development in the Korean social movements in the 1990s, I develop a model, 'empowering process model' by focusing on the convergence between social movement and international relation theories. This model includes two exogenous variables: historical contexts and triggering events which exogenously exist and then facilitate or constrain the transnational mobilization process. It also highlights the core process which includes a trilateral mechanism that connects framing, networks, and political opportunity structure (POS). This model I develop here aims to maintain a balance between the top-down and bottom-up processes on transnational activism.; Based on this model, this dissertation analyzes the movement activities and conditions underlying the transnational mobilization of' Korean social movement groups from 1970s and 1990s. I intend to examine the three main questions including the reason of rapid emergence of transnational mobilization strategy; the five-coupled mechanisms of empowering process model; different patterns between the two movement sectors: human rights and environment. Given the analyses, I find out that three major factors such as democratization, globalization, and complex trilateral relationships have been playing a crucial role in empowering local activism and that the two movement sectors show contrasting patterns in implementing international norms and ideas because of complying with counter actors such as government agencies and business groups. Clearly, despite similar external conditions, different degree of trilateral reinforcement among framing, networks and POS at multi-levels makes human rights sector have more difficulty in implementing international norms and ideas than environment sector throughout the long-term process of transnational mobilization.