The leadership process and social change in the developing country of Congo-Kinshasa

This mixed methods design focused on how Congo-Kinshasa can address leadership ineffectiveness, leadership power vacuum, and citizens' confidence in government. The participants were Congolese citizens and expatriates selected from the Congolese community, the Congo-Kinshasa public telephone and Internet service databases. The study used an electronic random sampling technique to draw a sample of 329 from a sampling frame determined by age and educational level. A total of 123 participants provided data for the quantitative survey, whereas 24 participants responded to the qualitative survey. Both surveys were developed specifically for the study by extracting leadership-related themes from the literature, and both were tested for reliability and validity in a pilot sample. The quantitative survey included 25 items with 5-point Likert response scales; whereas the qualitative telephone survey consisted of 10 questions. The following regression equations were used to determining leadership effectiveness in Congo-Kinshasa: EFF (Y) = 3.23 + 0.321 IQ - 0.0913 ET + 0.0317 OPI and EFF (Y) = 2.71 + 0.268 IQ - 0.0833 ET + 0.190 SPC. The partial impact of intelligence on effectiveness (EFF), which was 0.268, with a p-value of 0.001 and skillfulness-productivity-competency (SPC) on EFF, which was 0.0190, yielded a p-value of 0.023. Both results were significant. Ethnicity on EFF, which was -0.091 yielded a p-value of 0.023. Ethnicity showed no significant change in the leader's electability, whereas less outside political influence on EFF, which was 0.0317 with a p-value of 0.471 caused SPC to emerge as an effective leader's character and a less corruptible influence. This study indicates that positive social change through transformational leadership can increase leadership effectiveness and good governance in Congo-Kinshasa.