Figures of transport: Metaphor, colonization and supplementarity (Newfoundland, William Vaughan, Stephen Parmenius, George Best)

The supplement, in the Derridian sense, acts both to complete and supplant language. Through an examination of early modern rhetorical theory and close readings of travel literature and plantation propaganda, I argue that in their roles both to fill lacunae and to displace original elements, metaphor and colonies function as supplements to language and nation. In investigating this relationship, I have chosen to complement previous studies of early modern English colonial ventures in the Americas by examining travel narratives and plantation texts written between the 1570s and the 1630s that deal with what is now Canada: that is to say, texts that detail English activities in the far North and in Newfoundland.; I begin in Chapter One by considering the representation of metaphor in classical and early modern rhetorics. The supplementarity of metaphor suggested in these rhetorics suggests in turn a similar dynamic in colonization. As I discuss in Chapter Two, early modern Newfoundland plantation propaganda positions the colony as a means for filling the gaps of national identity, but also for inadvertently unseating native forms of identity formation. Turning to one propagandistic text in detail, in Chapter Three I read The Golden Fleece (1626) for indications of William Vaughan's positioning of Newfoundland as the means to creating national unity in the face of religious sectarianism, litigious division and political fragmentation. In Chapter Four, I examine Stephen Parmenius's redeployment of Virgil's "Fourth Eclogue" for its somewhat unstable celebration of the colonial exploitation of Newfoundland. In the fifth and final chapter I read George Best's account of the three voyages of Martin Frobisher (1576--8) for narrativizations of anxieties around identity.; Reading these texts in the context of the early modern rhetorical theory foregrounds the common ground that metaphor and colony have in their role as supplement to language and nation. The geographic, linguistic and imperial appropriations that each of the terms effect point to a shared discursive conceptualization.