Synthesis, modification, characterization and catalytic isomerization studies of sodium(X), boron/aluminum-ZSM-11 and ZSM-22 zeolites

Faujasite zeolites have been modified by ion-exchange of transition metal and rare earth lanthanide ions resulting in changes in the chemical, physical, and catalytic properties of these materials. These materials were studied by a variety of physical methods, including temperature programmed reduction and desorption techniques.;Apparent activation energies, reaction rates, and rates of catalyst deactivation have been determined for cyclopropane isomerization reactions over Ni;Sodium vapor was applied to these materials, resulting in an elimination of Bronsted acidity and loss of catalytic activity. These studies suggest that Bronsted sites are exclusively responsible for catalytic activity in these systems and that cyclopropane isomerizes by way of a carbenium ion intermediate. Sodium vapor applied to Na;A second portion of this dissertation deals with n-butene isomerization reactions over B/Al-ZSM-11 and ZSM-22 zeolites. B/Al-ZSM-11 zeolites were utilized for their weaker acidities, while ZSM-22 zeolites were utilized for their unique shape-selectivities. This dissertation discusses the synthetic approaches for these materials as well as a variety of physical methods used to characterize these systems. Kinetic information was obtained by varying the temperature, feed rate, space velocities, and partial pressure of reactant. Deactivation and regeneration have been monitored in these reactions. Yields and selectivities for isobutene formation are reported.;NaX zeolites were ion-exchanged with Ni...