The calling behavior and mating system of a non-lekking population of Hypsignathus monstrosus

A question central to understanding the evolution and maintenance of lek mating systems is why do males cluster in the first place. Two prominent models explaining this behavior are the Hotspot (Bradbury and Gibson 1983) and Hotshot models (Beehler and Foster 1988). The Hotspot model proposes males cluster at locations determined by high female encounter rates resulting from large, overlapping female ranges. The Hotshot model proposes that male clustering is the result of nonreproductively successful males gathering around reproductively successful males in order to increase their encounter rate with females. Evidence supporting either model has been equivocal.