Nutrition knowledge, eating practices, and health of adolescent female runners: Patterns and trends

This study examined nutrition knowledge, nutrient intake, eating attitudes and behaviors, health concerns, and external influences on adolescent female runners. Multiple methods of data collection including tests, questionnaires, food diaries, and interviews, were utilized at two times, three years apart. Thirty-seven elite runners participated at Time 1 and 26 (70%) of these responded at Time 2. Statistical and qualitative analysis of the data was used in order to explore patterns and trends.;Nutrition knowledge was tested with a 40-item modified version of a standard Werblow test which measures basic nutrition knowledge and items of concern for athletes. The group mean score increased from 62 to 67 percent correct over the three-year period. Paired t-tests did not show significant differences overall. Analysis of individual questions showed patterns of misinformation. More than fifty percent responded incorrectly to a variety of nutrition statements. After three years, a significantly greater number of runners correctly responded to statements concerning carbohydrate value and digestion, protein, cholesterol and saturated fat, reducing diets, and advertising. More runners responded incorrectly to questions regarding fluid intake and skipping meals.;Trends in eating patterns included increased carbohydrate and decreased fat intake. These are in accord with recommendations for runners. There were significant decreases in caloric intake, calcium, potassium, and sodium in the diets of the runners over the three-year period.;The incidence of eating disorders as indicated by the Eating Attitudes Test increased over the time of the study. The runners experienced problems related to food. The number of stress fractures increased. The number of menstrual irregularities was high throughout the study.;Patterns of growth, development, and behavior were seen. The athletes' height and weight increased. Their running time in the standard 5000 meter cross country race decreased significantly.;Runners were open to advice. They were most influenced by their coaches, but others gave them suggestions as well. They were helped by coaches who were encouraging and knowledgeable. The most common advice that coaches gave athletes was to eat carbohydrates and avoid fat.;Although much misinformation was evident in this study, the runners showed greater understanding of some key nutrition principles after three years. Dietary intakes showed a higher percentage of carbohydrate but decreased consumption of all nutrients. Patterns included increased disordered eating and more health problems related to food.