| This study inquires into the interrelation of philosophical and religious matters in modern European moral thought, examining the work of Ralph Cudworth, Shaftesbury, Immanuel Kant, and GWF Hegel. Its primary conclusion is that the the ideal of moral autonomy, or moral self-government, is best understood as an "internalization" of an originally political model of sovereignty. The idea of moral self-government, as articulated by these thinkers, represents transposition of political relations among rulers and subjects within the moral subject, recasting them as relationships among parts of the soul---reason, will, and desire. Further, it argues that specifically religious concerns, including the character of moral relationships between humans and God and the fallenness of human nature, played a central role in the development of autonomy as a moral ideal. This study maintains that the distinctive ideal of moral-self-government in modern moral philosophy can be understood as a response to the conflicting commitments to free will and divine sovereignty within the Christian tradition. On this account, the distinctive commitments of secular ethics---an emphasis on self-determination, freedom of conscience, and individual liberty of choice---emerge from an attempt to reconcile reason with religion. |
