| This study investigates population mapping in developing countries. The basis of population mapping in developed countries is first established by reviewing their population mapping history in the context of thematic cartography from the late 18th century to the present. Discussion includes symbols and techniques applied to population mapping over that period, with particular emphasis given to point, line, and areal symbology. Population mapping activities of the U.S. Census Bureau and the Japanese Statistical Bureau are examined, and programs and products of the two are taken as "ideal" models of population mapping in developed countries. Using these models, a minimum set of 11 criteria is established by which population mapping in developing countries is evaluated. These criteria address not only population maps, but the census and base mapping activities that precede population mapping. The historical development of population mapping in Africa, Latin America, and Asia is traced, and some general problems shared by developing countries are identified. Population mapping is evaluated in greater detail in Jamaica, Guyana, Kenya, Sri Lanka, and Malaysia through interviews with governmental and academic officials involved in census and mapping activities and through an evaluation of sample population maps. Saudi Arabia was chosen as a case study of population mapping in a developing country, and its population data, censuses, and base maps are discussed in detail. Its current population mapping status is evaluated and its problems and opportunities for the future are examined. The study concludes that four major problems affect the availability and quality of population maps in developing countries. These are inaccurate or irregular acquisition of population data, scarcity or inadequacy of base maps, low level of cartographic skill, and inadequacy of production methods and facilities. General solutions are discussed and recommendations are made, including increased cooperation between academic units and governmental agencies, awareness and use of proper cartographic techniques, institution of on-going cartographic training programs, elimination of political influence in scientific activities, provision of sufficient funding for population mapping programs, and encouragement of the growth of graphic literacy. |
