| Many species of the family Issidae(Hemiptera:Fulgoroidea)are important pests in agriculture and forestry.This group is large and various,but it is largely inadequate in phylogeny and chaotic in classification system.This thesis is a taxonomic study of the family Issidae from China,including taxonomy,comparative morphology of female genitalia,selection characters of female genitalia and application on Issidae.The main research contents and results are as follows:TaxonomyThis thesis is a taxonomic study of the family Issidae(Hemiptera:Fulgoroidea)from China.2800 specimens were examined and 188 species of 44 genera of 3 tribes of 1 subfamilie involved,of which 68 species of 32 genera of 3 tribes of female genitalia were described and illustrated,including 26 new species and 8 new genera.?.Morphology of female genitaliaThe basic structures of female genitalia of Issidae were known.Anal segment,Gonocoxa ?,Gonapophysis ?,Gonapophysis ?,Gonoplac,Sternite ? and Sclerite on entrance of bursa copulatrix were explained,and Ventroposterior lobes,Sublateral lobes,Sclerite on entrance of bursa copulatrix as new technical term were reviewed.68 species of 32 genera of 3 tribes of female genitalia were described and illustrated in China,of which 42 known species of female genitalia were first recorded,including 20 new speices of female genitalia.There about 370 illustrations and 200 pictures were collected.?.New taxa72 species of 34 genera of 3 tribes of male were examined,including 26 new species and 8 new genera.26 new species and 8 new genera were described and illustrated.The keys to species were provided.New taon are as follow:Eight new genera:Celyphomilla gen.nov.,Eusarimella gen.nov.,Flatidaella gen.nov.,Nigrata gen.nov.,Parayangissus gen.nov.,Qiongisarima gen.nov.,Tenuiissus gen.nov.,Yunisarima gen.nov..Twenty-six new species:Gergithus lactistriaris sp.nov.,Neodurium fennahi Chang&Chen,2015,Flavina ailaoshanensis sp.nov.,Neotetricodes longispinus Chang&Chen,2015,Neotetricodes xiphoideus Chang&Chen,2015(published),Tetricodes nonggangensis sp.nov.,Tetricodes parvulus sp.nov.,Tetricodes similis sp.nov.,Celyphomilla brachyhamulata sp.nov.,Celyphomilla daozhenensis sp.nov.,Celyphomilla longiflagella sp.nov.,Eusarima acuta sp.nov.,Eusarima hamulata sp.nov.,Eusaruma hainanensis sp.nov.,Eusarima pendula sp.nov.,Eusarima serrata sp.nov.,Eusarima yunnanensis sp.nov.,Eusarimella fusca sp.nov.,Flatidaella bipunctata sp.nov.,Kodaianella furcata sp.nov.,Nigrata fanjingshanga sp.nov.,Parayangissus circinatus sp.nov.,Qiongisarima tricuspidata sp.nov.,Sarimodes albidua sp.nov.,Tenuiissus ensatus sp.nov.,Yunisarima bifurca sp.nov..Comparative morphology of female genitaliaThe female genitalia characters of 68 species 32 genera of 3 tribes were compared in the family Issidae.The female genitalia characters have important value in its taxonomic application.A key was given to distinguish species referring in this research.To some extent it provided a reasonable criterion for identification of female adults.?.The female genitalia were of great morphological diversity in interspecific levelComparative data of interspecific variation of female genitalia within 12 genera were analyzed.The results indicate that female genitalia of interspecific changes are similar in different genera in a different degree.The female genitalia were of great morphological diversity,especially on Gonapophysis ? and Sternite ? as effective classification characters.These characters have limitation in some species or similar species identification,but for most species,they are quite effective in identification.?.The female genitalia were a certain morphological diversity in intergeneric levelComparative data of intergeneric variation of female genitalia between 32 genera of 3 tribes from China were analyzed.The results indicate that female genitalia of intergeneric changes are similar in different genera in a different degree.Although less than the richness of species diversity,the female genitalia in genus level,also have morphological diversity,especially on Anal segment,Gonocoxa ?,Gonapophysis ? and Gonapophysis ? as effective classification characters.There has an important reference value in Gonoplac and Sternite ?.The degree of variation in the part is obvious,and in some species has limitations.?.The female genitalia have no appreciable difference in intertribes level.In the tribe level,the characters of female genitalia have no appreciable difference.The tribe Issini have more abundant than Hemisphaeriini and Parahiraciini in Anal segment,Gonapophysis ?,Gonapophysis ?,Gonoplac,Sternite ?.? Cluster analysis based on characters of female genitaliaUsing NJ cluster method of Paup 4.0 software,Cluster analysis of 30 morphological characters of female genitalia was processed.The results shown that congeneric genera usually cluster together because of their characteristic similarity.Not all genera are conventional taxa,there are exception.A certain amount of crossover occurs in genera characters of different tribes.Selection the characters of femle genitalia and phylogeny?.Proposal of taxonomic features and the uniform taxonomic description of female genitalia.The female genitalia characters of 68 species32 genera were compared.Basing on these comparisons within different species and different genera,we selected forty characters for taxonomy of the family Issidae.Then the uniform taxonomic description of female genitalia was proposed.?.PhylogenyPhylogeny among of 32 genera of 3 tribesBasing on the MP method of Paup 4.0 software and 62 characters of on external features and male and female genitalia,with Cixius Latreille,1804 as outgroup,we made phylogeny among of 32 genera of 3 tribes in the family Issidae.The results 32 genera divided into three branches,respectively Gnezdilov(2009,2013)proposed 1 subfamily 3 tribes,indicated that the results of female genitalia and external features and male genitalia,supporting it seem more reasonable that Issidae family can comprise 3 tribes:Hemisphaeriini,Parahiraciini and Issini.The tribes Hemisphaeriini have synapomorphies:anal sement of female length in midline as width,Gonapophysis ? with lateral teeth few(2-3),without ventral teeth,forewing with venis obscure,wing posterior without incision,hind tibiae each with few(2-3)and so on;The tribes Parahiraciini have synapomorphies:Gonapophysis ? without ventral teeth,Gonapophysis ? with median lobe less developed,Sternite ? posteror margin depressed,similar hemisphere,frons without verrucae,forewing with venis distinct,Sc+R forking in apical part,wing posterior with incision,hind tibiae each with 6-9 and so on;The tribes Issini have synapomorphies:anal sement of female oblong,forewing with venis distinct,Sc+R forking in basal part,hind tibiae each with 6-9and so on.It suggested that Macrodarumoides should be transfered from the tribe Issini to ParahiraciiniPhylogeny among of 10 species in Gergithus and closely related speciesBasing on the MP method of Paup 4.0 software and 50 morphological characters(including female and male),we made phylogeny among of 10 species in Gergithus and closely related species.The result indicated that the results of female genitalia are highly consistent with that of external features and male genitalia,supporting that Gergithus has a close relative to two species in Hemisphaerius and Mongoliana chilochorides(Walker,1851),The relationships among Gergithus parallelus and two species of Hemisphaerius are more closer.The relationships are supported by morphological characters,with these 3 species have synapomorphies:frons without verrucae,posterior marginof male pygofer without any hooked prominence,Gonapophysis ? with median lobe borad leaf-like,semicircle shape,Sternite ?posterior margin with obsolete quadrangular,wihout Sclerite on entrance of bursa copulatrix.That seems a reasonable that Gergithus parallelus should be transfered from Gergithus to Hemisphaerius.The type specimens and material examined are deposited in the Institute of Entomology,Guizhou University,Guiyang,China(IEGU). |
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