Construction And Application Of A Motor Quotient Assessment Model For Children Aged 6-9 Years

The continuing decline in physical fitness in children and adolescents is a concern for the whole community,but it is challenging to get children and parents to initiate improvements.Even when children's fitness levels are low,they do not immediately exhibit adverse health effects.The health benefits of exercise are well known,but traditional exercise motivation strategies have had little success.In the face of the prevalence of test-based education,the decline in children's physical fitness,and national health concerns,upgrading physical education interventions for children's health to motor quotient interventions is certainly a sublimation of intervention theory.Motor quotient(MQ)is a concept based on the lifelong development of human beings through sports,and is a concept that is valued alongside IQ and EQ.The introduction of the motor quotient concept has increased the level of attention paid by students,parents,and society toward the health benefits of active movement.However,what is MQ? How is it measured,evaluated,or developed? A series of questions need to be answered.Based on this,this paper analyzes the research literature related to MQ,defines the concept and connotation of MQ,develops an assessment tool for children's motor quotient(CMQ),and constructs a model for assessing CMQ.The subjects were children aged 6-9 years in this study.The subject samples were collected in four provinces,including Chongqing,Sichuan,Jiangsu,and Yunnan.The literature reviewed the current situation of motor quotient in China and abroad,and defined the concept and connotation of the motor quotient.The questionnaire method,Delphi method,Wilson modeling method,entropy method,and mathematical statistics were used to develop an assessment tool for children's motor quotients,construct a model for assessing children's motor quotients,and validate and apply the model.The main findings of this study are as follows:(1)We developed the Children's Motor Ability Quotient(CMAQ)assessment tool including five items,established the weight coefficients of each assessment index of the CMAQ,verified the concurrent validity and predictive validity of the CMAQ assessment model,and proved that the model is stable and reliable.(2)We developed the Children's Movement Skill Quotient(CMSQ)assessment tool and validated the reliability,validity,and discrimination of the CMSQ using three methods: outcome evaluation,process evaluation,and time evaluation.(3)The CMSQ reliability test showed high consistency in expert ratings(r = 0.94),high rater reliability(r = 0.87),credible rater leniency(0.98-1.02),and high retest reliability(r = 0.94).(4)CMSQ outcome evaluations revealed that the CMSQ structure was unidimensional;good internal item fit(fit coefficients 0.74-1.15);moderate item difficulty(between-3.47 logit and 2.58 logit);and good item differentiation,with no ceiling effect(1.8%)or floor effect(2.9%).The process evaluation revealed that the CMSQ structure was unidimensional and the three categories of ratings(0,1,and 2)were appropriate(Mn Sq = 0.84-1.30);the internal fit of the items was good(0.81-1.13);the item difficulty was not great(between-1.67 logit and 1.16logit);and the differentiation was evident,with no ceiling effect(1.8%)and floor effect(1.5%).(5)The children's motor quotient assessment model needed to be revised after validation,and the revised model met the fit criteria(?2/df = 2.46,p<0.05,CFI = 0.93,TLI = 0.91,RMSEA = 0.045,SRMR = 0.035).The items' function differences in the outcome model revealed the presence of DIF for four items related to the gender and age dimensions,and the process evaluation model found DIF for one item related to the gender factor and three items related to the age factor.(6)The CMPQ assessment instrument includes five dimensions: motor cognition,motor motivation,motor perseverance,affective motor experience,and motor behavioral intention.The CMPQ has good expert reliability(r = 0.80),retest reliability(r = 0.94),internal consistency reliability(Cronbach a = 0.90),construct validity(?2/df = 3.62,p< 0.01,CFI = 0.94,TLI= 0.93,RMSEA = 0.06,and SRMR = 0.04),discriminant validity(p<0.01),and validity scale validity(association validity r = 0.85,convergent validity r = 0.95).(7)The validation factor analysis of the CMPQ measurement model showed that the second-order model fit indicators fit well(?2/df = 3.01,p<0.05,CFI = 0.94,TLI = 0.93,RMSEA = 0.05,SRMR = 0.05).Equivalence tests showed that the second-order five-factor CMPQ was characterized by measurement invariance with regard to the gender factor.(8)The motor quotient measurement model for children is composed of three submeasurement models: the Children Motor Ability Quotient(CMAQ),the Children Movement Skill Quotient(CMSQ),and the Children Motor Psychology Quotient(CMPQ).The stability and reliability of the kinetic quotient assessment model were verified in terms of the validity,variability,and applicability of the model.(9)Based on the empirical study of children's motor quotient assessment models,we initially explored the establishment of multiple evaluation methods for children's motor quotient assessment results,such as percentile,standardized value,quotient,and rating.A preliminary exploration of the construction of a normative model of the motor quotients of children aged 6-9 years based on empirical data(for reference only)was performed.The main conclusions of this study are:(1)MQ is an abbreviation of motor quotient,which is the motor performance feedback resulting from the combination of an individual's innate motor ability and acquired motor willingness,and is a mathematical expression of the position of an individual's motor performance in his or her same-age and same-sex cohort.The operational definition of the motor quotient is the sum of scores of motor ability,motor skill,and motor psychological ability tests in the corresponding group,i.e.,the percentile of the individual in the group.(2)The Children's Motor Quotient(MQ)includes three components: the Children Motor Ability Quotient(CMAQ),Children Movement Skill Quotient(CMSQ),and Children Motor Psychology Quotient(CMPQ).The motor quotient reflects the child's motor ability level,motor skill development level,and willingness to participate in sports.(3)The developed kinetic quotient assessment tool,motor skill assessment tool,and motor psychological quotient assessment tool have been verified as having good reliability,validity,and discrimination,and these three assessment tools can be used independently.(4)The developed kinetic quotient assessment tool,motor skill assessment tool,and motor psychological quotient assessment model have been validated and modified,and all the fitting indicators have met the standard requirements.Each assessment model has a stable structure,good validity and differentiation,and high applicability,and thus can be applied on a large scale.The innovation of this study includes the following:(1)Conceptual innovation.We have defined the mathematical concept of the motor quotient,which is the percentile of individuals in a group;we have innovatively proposed the concept of the motor quotient,which integrates individual motor willingness with motor ability and motor skill assessment and enriches the connotation of the concept of the motor quotient.(2)Model innovation.We have constructed a model for assessing children's motor quotients consisting of three sub-models: the motor ability quotient,motor skill quotient,and motor psychological quotient.(3)Methodological innovation.The Rasch model was used to process the motor skill score data,which changed the traditional scoring model of direct summation of motor measurement scores.In addition,the use of the entropy value method to deal with motor measurement data without establishing absolute standards is also an innovation of this study,which provides a calculation basis for establishing reference standards.The research limitations of this study are as follows:(1)Insufficient literature has led to insufficient theoretical discussion,especially in French,Russian,Spanish,and Portuguese,which needs to be supplemented.(2)The theoretical construction and model fitting of the motor quotient assessment tool is also inadequate,e.g.,the proportion of the three subtest quotients fused remains to be modeled by future big data.(3)The construction of the initial normative model of children's motor quotients is only a methodological exploration,and the standard normative model will be used in subsequent studies.(4)This study performs mathematical modeling,not data-driven modeling,and so machine learning-trained models using big data are not suitable for this study scenario.The future research perspectives include(1)the integration of CMAQ with CMSQ and CMPQ,especially the introduction of big data modeling,and(2)the application of the children's motor quotient assessment model in physical education or extracurricular activities.