| In the process of agriculture from traditional to modern,based on the resource endowment characteristics of more people and less land,the development of China's agricultural modernization determines that it is necessary to improve the land output rate,especially the excessive investment of chemical fertilizer.The large amount of chemical fertilizer investment promotes the agricultural production and income,at the same time,unreasonable or excessive application also causes a series of problems,which not only highlights the agricultural non-point source pollution and the deterioration of the ecological environment,but also causes hidden dangers to the quality and safety of agricultural products and human health.Under the dual background of Rural Revitalization and ecological civilization construction,sustainable promotion of agricultural fertilizer reduction has become an important concern of the government.In 2015,the government proposed the goal of "zero growth in fertilizer consumption by 2020".Subsequently,the No.1 central document from 2016 to 2021 reduced the amount of agricultural fertilizer for six consecutive years as an important task.The technology of replacing chemical fertilizer with organic fertilizer is an important measure to achieve the reduction and efficiency of agricultural chemical fertilizer.Although the government and relevant departments have been vigorously promoting,the effect of technology popularization is not satisfactory.As the basic decision-making body of agricultural production,farmers' technology adoption is very important for the implementation effect of organic fertilizer instead of chemical fertilizer technology.With the acceleration of industrialization and urbanization,the differentiation of farmers has become an inevitable social trend in rural China.It not only affects the development of rural economy and society,but also presents different element allocation behaviors due to different types of farmers' different business objectives.Of course,it will also be reflected in the behavioral response to the technology of organic fertilizer replacing chemical fertilizer.Farmers' adoption of organic fertilizer technology is a dynamic process,including the whole process of technology cognition,implementation and effect evaluation,and finally application in production.So,what is the internal mechanism of farmers' adoption behavior of organic fertilizer instead of chemical fertilizer at different stages? Under the background of farmers differentiation,are there group differences in technology adoption behaviors and influencing factors among different types of farmers? How to establish a long-term incentive mechanism to realize the organic connection between government fertilization control and farmers' economic interests? Answering these questions is of great practical significance to effectively solve the lack of motive force for farmers to reduce chemical fertilizer,promote the reduction and efficiency of agricultural chemical fertilizer,and realize the green development of agriculture.In order to solve the above problems,based on farmers' behavior theory,technology diffusion theory,market failure theory and other relevant economic theories,and on the basis of clarifying the theoretical mechanism of farmers' adoption behavior of organic fertilizer instead of chemical fertilizer and policy incentive,this paper constructs a multi-stage dynamic model of farmers' technology innovation This paper adopts the theoretical analysis framework as the benchmark to carry out the research.Secondly,from the perspective of differentiation,the paper explores the value cognition,adoption behavior,adoption performance and the differences among different types of farmers,and further explores the key driving factors,barriers and reasons for the differences.Thirdly,based on the sustainability of technology adoption and the normalization of agricultural reduction,this paper explores the ecological compensation incentive mechanism of farmers' adoption of organic fertilizer instead of chemical fertilizer from the aspects of willingness to be compensated,compensation standard and compensation mode.Finally,according to the research conclusions,the corresponding policy recommendations are put forward.The main conclusions are as follows(1)In the black soil area of Northeast China,the phenomenon of excessive fertilizer application is serious,and there is a large space for fertilizer reduction.The average optimal economic application amount of chemical fertilizer was 40.06 kg / mu,while the actual average application amount was 57.69 kg / mu,which exceeded the economic optimal application amount by 17.63 kg/mu,accounting for 65.76%.According to the severity of excessive fertilization,Liaoning Province,Jilin Province and Heilongjiang Province were in the order.As a whole,the total amount of chemical fertilizer can be reduced by 17.63 kg / mu in the black soil area of Northeast China,and the average reduction rate of chemical fertilizer per mu is 30.56%.In Jilin Province,Heilongjiang Province and Liaoning Province,the amount of chemical fertilizer which can be reduced is 19.77 kg / mu,10.32 kg / mu and 22.79 kg / mu respectively,and the average proportion of chemical fertilizer reduction per mu is 33.75%,20.16% and35.02% respectively.As an important measure to reduce the application of chemical fertilizer,the technology of replacing chemical fertilizer with organic fertilizer has a certain promotion basis,but there are still some problems,such as the lack of farmers' technology cognition and adoption,the limited availability and quantity of organic fertilizer sources,the high cost of organic fertilizer application,the difficulty to guarantee the effect,the inadequate technical training and promotion services,and the imperfect incentive mechanism for technology adoption.(2)There are group differences in farmers' cognition of the technical value of organic fertilizer replacing chemical fertilizer and its influencing factors.From the perspective of farmers' cognition of the technology value of organic fertilizer replacing chemical fertilizer,farmers' cognition level of ecological value and social value of organic fertilizer replacing chemical fertilizer technology is higher,but their cognition level of economic value is lower.Under the framework of distributed cognition theory,the influencing factors of farmers' technology value cognition are "regional power" > "cultural power" > "personal power",and all kinds of factors have a significant positive impact on different types of farmers' technology value cognition of organic fertilizer replacing chemical fertilizer,and the influence on life-style farmers,survival farmers,production farmers and functional farmers shows an increasing law.(3)The proportion of farmers adopting organic fertilizer instead of chemical fertilizer technology is low,and their technology adoption behavior needs the dual incentive of the market and the government,and the government incentive can make up for the imperfect market mechanism to a certain extent.From the perspective of farmers' technology adoption,the sample farmers' technology adoption rate of organic fertilizer instead of chemical fertilizer is low,only25%;farmers' technology adoption behavior of organic fertilizer instead of chemical fertilizer is affected by both market and government,and the interaction between market driven and government incentive has a more significant impact on Farmers' technology adoption behavior of organic fertilizer instead of chemical fertilizer.From the perspective of differentiation,the heterogeneity of farmers' behavior goals makes the degree of market driven and government incentive to different types of farmers' adoption of organic fertilizer alternative technology different.Among them,the market driven has a significant positive impact on the production-oriented and functional farmers at the level of 10% and 1% respectively,but has no significant impact on the survival oriented and life-oriented farmers.At the level of 10%,the government incentive has a positive impact on the survival and production-oriented farmers,and at the level of 5%,it has a positive impact on the functional farmers,but the impact on the life-oriented farmers is not significant.(4)The results show that the coefficient values of the effect of farmers' adoption behavior of organic fertilizer instead of chemical fertilizer on agricultural production performance,total output and total output value are positive,but the effect is not significant.There are group differences in the effect of different types of farmers' adoption behavior on agricultural production performance.It may be due to the uneven quality level of organic fertilizer,high application cost,unsound market mechanism of agricultural products,difficulty to realize premium function,and the lag effect of organic fertilizer instead of chemical fertilizer technology,which needs a certain process and time to show better.Among them,only functional farmers adopting organic fertilizer instead of chemical fertilizer technology can significantly promote the improvement of agricultural production performance,while life-style,survival type and production type farmers adopting organic fertilizer instead of chemical fertilizer technology have no significant impact on agricultural production performance.(5)Based on Farmers' willingness,level and mode of compensation,it is an effective means to build a reasonable incentive mechanism of ecological compensation to make up for the market inefficiency and promote farmers' technology adoption behavior.In the current situation that the market of organic fertilizer substitutes for chemical fertilizer is not perfect and it is difficult for agricultural products to achieve high quality and good price,farmers lack effective market incentive mechanism for the adoption of organic fertilizer substitutes for chemical fertilizer technology.Therefore,it is necessary to build an ecological compensation incentive mechanism for farmers' adoption of organic fertilizer substitutes for chemical fertilizer technology to make up for the low efficiency of the market.From the perspective of farmers' willingness to be compensated,the proportion of farmers with willingness to be compensated under the ecological compensation scenario is relatively high,accounting for 80.86%.From the perspective of farmers' compensation level,without considering the differences of farmers' individual characteristics,the nonparametric estimation method is used to estimate the compensation level of farmers' adoption behavior of organic fertilizer instead of chemical fertilizer,which is 2634.6-3258.15 yuan / ha.By using the parameter estimation method,it is estimated that the compensation level of farmers is 2904.6 yuan / ha.From the perspective of farmers' compensation mode selection,farmers are more willing to choose blood transfusion compensation based on capital and material object,and fewer farmers choose hematopoietic compensation based on technology and project compensation.In view of the above analysis and conclusion,the following policy suggestions are put forward:First of all,establish and improve the education system for farmers,strengthen technical training,demonstration and promotion,give full play to the demonstration and leading role of new business entities and demonstration areas in technology promotion,strengthen the publicity and education of green production,and improve farmers' awareness of the value of organic fertilizer instead of chemical fertilizer technology.Secondly,we should improve the market price formation mechanism of agricultural products and the quality certification system of agricultural products to form the market environment of "high quality and good price" of agricultural products.Thirdly,we should pay attention to the formulation of differentiated fertilization incentive strategies and supporting measures in line with the business objectives of different types of farmers.On the basis of fully considering farmers' willingness and preference,we should formulate a scientific and reasonable incentive mechanism for ecological compensation.Finally,the corresponding legal protection and regulatory evaluation system should be set up. |
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