Research On Livelihood Transformation And Ecological Environment Change Under The Action Of Multiple Forces

In this paper,a village in the central mountainous area of Yunnan Province is taken as the research object,and the forest development,cultivated land utilization,water resources problems and the changes of planting structure in the village in recent 70 years are taken as the research contents.Meanwhile,the livelihood transformation is adopted as the breakthrough point to show the complex evolution process and governance characteristics of ecological environment problems in the mountainous villages of Yunnan Province.On the one hand,the interaction of “state,market and local society” is taken as the influencing force to understand the livelihood transformation.On the other hand,the social transformation,natural capitalization and sustainable livelihood analysis theory are taken as the theoretical perspective to analyze the livelihood transformation and ecological environment change.Through village case studies,this paper aims to probe into the internal logic of livelihood transformation and ecological environment change in mountain villages.Mountain village is a regional type of living and survival.In the process of ecological environment change,livelihood,as a complex social action system,exerts a direct impact on the change of ecological environment.In fact,the livelihood transformation not only promotes the development of local society,but also changes the utilization mode and natural concept of ecological environment resources.It makes ecological environment resources become the basic driving force of livelihood development,thus shaping the complex logic of the development and governance of ecological environment problems.In essence,the process of economic development in mountain villages in recent70 years is a process in which the local society develops and utilizes ecological environment resources to promote “nationalization” and “marketization” under the influence of the state and market.Despite the economic development of the local society and effective improvement of livelihood,the local society's livelihood actions have resulted in the disorder of ecological environment and livelihood development.This kind of livelihood is based on high dependence on natural resources.In other words,such a livelihood development is not sustainable.Therefore,it is a kind of“disordered development”.There is a cause-and-effect relationship between livelihood transformation and ecological environment change.It is noteworthy that the change of ecological environment in Yang Village is inseparable from the transformation of livelihood.After1950 s,with the change of village social structure and the disappearance of traditional livelihood culture,the ecological environment was degraded in the process of transforming agriculture and animal husbandry into mountain dry farming and cash crop planting.After 1990 s,in order to get rid of poverty and promote economic development,Yang Village not only excessively developed the cultivated land resources and forest resources but also vigorously planted eucalyptus trees,leading to further aggravation of ecological and environmental problems.In recent decade,under the background of ecological civilization construction,the village livelihood mode has been transformed into green livelihood through governmental guidance,market drive and villagers' participation.At the same time,due to the strengthening governance of ecological environment and the implementation of diversified livelihood strategies,people-land pressure has been alleviated to a certain extent,and ecological environment restoration has also been promoted.However,the ecological environmental governance still faces a lot of difficulties,such as the low level of people's environmental concern and the single power to take part in the governance.