| The Antarctic and Arctic are known as "polar regions",located at the southernmost and northernmost of the Earth.Although the polar regions are relatively remote and closed,the polar regions have a huge impact on the global environment and are directly related to human survival.Under the trend of rapid climate change in the polar regions,we need to improve the understanding of the role and impact of polar regions in the global climate system,and conduct comprehensive research on sea ice,ice cover,atmosphere and ocean.There are great challenges in obtaining the field observation data in the polar regions,which mainly rely on manned observations at research stations and unmanned observations of small automated equipment.For research stations in the Antarctica,whether it is the summer station or the perennial stations that guarantee the wintering of the expedition team,the scientific equipment operation,conventional lighting,house heating,daily drinking water purification,waste disposal,aircraft,land-based vehicles,snowmobiles,construction machinery and other powers are all required to be provided a large amount of energy.Owing to the remotely geographical location of the Antarctica,the disintegrating glaciers,the sea ice covering the Southern Ocean and the special polar night phenomenon,human beings can not reach Antarctica about several months in the winter.The power supply for small automatic equipment mainly depends on battery technology,but the long-term low temperature environment in the polar region has a great impact on battery performance.As a result,new demands for the use of sustainable and clean energy in the polar regions have emerged.But renewable energy power generation technologies and devices for the polar regions are still in the initial stage.Studying the key technologies and operational strategies for renewable energy in the polar regions has become a major scientific research topic in the Chinese polar exploration construction.Through in-depth research on the current progress and development trend of the polar renewable energy system,this paper combined the power supply requirements of the automatic equipment and the electricity demand of the Zhongshan Station,conducted research on renewable energy systems in Zhongshan Station to address energy supply challenges in extreme environments and to reduce pollution on the polar environment.It is of great significance to enhance the ability of human beings to carry out scientific expeditions in the Arctic and Antarctica,and it has a positive role in promoting further research on the feedback of climate change in the polar regions to the global climate.The completed original and innovative work are summarized as follows.(1)Based on the complex environment of the polar region and aiming at the reliability of renewable energy power generation at research stations,an optimal sizing method for the polar renewable energy system considering extreme weather was proposed,which can provide a scientific basis for the construction of the renewable energy system of research station.This method took into account the effects of polar day and polar night phenomena in low temperature environments on renewable energy system,and embeded ice growth and ablation models of wind turbine blades into optimal sizing algorithm.Then the combination of different specifications of wind turbines and photovoltaic arrays can be used to obtain the optimal configuration.The introduction of two indicators of technical reliability and economics can effectively evaluate the results of the optimal sizing of renewable energy systems,and provide effective analysis method for the research and design of renewable energy systems in polar regions.According to the technical reliability index,the combination of different specifications of wind turbines and photovoltaic arrays all can meet the requirements;in terms of the economic indicator,wind turbines with large rated power brought smaller electricity costs and shorter payback periods.(2)A standalone wind and solar power supply test system had been built in Chinese Zhongshan station,which has some problems,such as low reliability,high maintenance cost,and not directly providing power to the whole station.Based on the current power supply system at Zhongshan Station,the concept of a hybrid energy system at Zhongshan Station is proposed,which can provide the possibility for a good transition from traditional energy to 100% renewable energy generation.For hybrid energy system of Zhongshan Station,renewable energy can be used as the main power supply and diesel generators were used as the auxiliary power.For heating,electrical heaters were used as the main supply of heat load.Waste heat from diesel generators can be used as auxiliary heat supply.The buildings in Zhongshan Station can share thermal energy through pipelines.A multi-objective optimal dispatching and modeling method for the Zhongshan Station hybrid energy system was proposed.The minimum weighted sum of load power loss rate,cost of energy,and carbon dioxide emissions during the dispatching period were selected the target of multi-objective dispatching model.Consistency of target was maintained throughout the dispatching period,and the impact of icing on wind power efficiency was also considered.The results revealed that the introduction of renewable energy can reduce the greenhouse gas emissions brought by the traditional power generation,and the electrical heating mode with the use of as the waste heat utilization had a certain reference significance for the actual dispatch and operation of Zhongshan Station in Antarctica in the future.It can provide a new idea for the construction of power system with renewable energy in the polar region.(3)Considering the greatly reduced discharge efficiency of the battery by being exposed to the low temperature environment for a long time,based on theoretical analysis and simulation test,the characteristics of the energy storage battery at low temperature(-50°C to 20°C)were obtained,including the temperature characteristics and the rate characteristic of the battery capacity.Based on the low temperature test results of battery capacity characteristics,the correlation model of open circuit voltage-residual capacity of energy storage battery in low temperature environment was established,and the model was extended to continuous temperature range.Based on the low temperature test results of battery capacity rate characteristics,the charging strategy of small power supply system at low temperature was proposed to reduce the negative effects of low temperature environments on the operation of the power supply system.(4)Considering the potential impact of the low temperature environment in the polar region on the circuit performance of the power supply system,the low temperature performance of the wind-solar hybrid charging circuit of the small polar region power supply system was tested.Based on the experimental results,a low temperature correction algorithm was proposed.The algorithm can correct the output of the circuit,keeping the output error of the circuit between 0.0061 A and 0.0015 A in a low temperature environment(-50°C to 30°C)and ensuring the system's operating efficiency and reliability.The battery SOC of a small power system used in the polar regions ranged from 40% to 100%,and SOC was at a high capacity level of 90% to 100% for most of the time,which can help to extend battery life and ensure high energy efficiency.The results of field test in Antarctica can show the applicability of the small power system,and verify the availability of the design scheme.The results also revealed that the small power system can be used to support the actual needs of the automatic observation system. |
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