Analysis On The Actors' Behaviors And The Policy Design For Environmental-economic Management Of Pesticide

Pesticide is one of the major materials of agricultural production, which contributes notetably to global food security and poverty eradication. At the same time, a series of problems about environmental pollution, ecological unbalance, and the health crisis of human resulted from pesticide production, transport and use have acquired global concern, particularly, Chinese government not only strengthen management on that, but also entries "controlling non-point source pollution such as pesticides, fertilizers, and plastic sheeting "into the" Constructing Socialism New Countryside " of "the 11th Five-Year plan of People's Republic of China national economic and social development program ". At present, Chinese government mainly adopts command and control instruments(CAC) in the pesticide management. However, for the purpose of preventing and solving various problems appeared during the production, the transport, the storage, the sale and the use of pesticide, Chinese government must analyse the relationships among relevant stakeholders from the aspects of environmental, economic and social, and strengthen environmental-economic management of pesticide whith various policy instruments, in order to enhance furtherly the efficiency of pesticides management in all aspects, and ensure ecological or environmental safety and the health of the people and livestock.In view of this, the relationships among relevant stakeholders of environmental-economicmanagement of pesticide are analysed and environmental-economic management of pesticidepolicies for different stakeholders are conceived in this research, by applying the theory ofplant protection, economics, ecology and management comprehensively and the researchresults of our seniors, emphasizing the perspective of environmental economics andmanagement. In this research, based on outlining the general situation ofenvironmental-economic management of pesticide in China, the existing problems ofenvironmental-economic management of pesticide in China are proposed; and the actors'behaviors of environmental-economic management of pesticide are analyzed using gametheory. And the behaviours of farmers, pesticide dealers and agricultural product consumers ofenvironmental-economic management of pesticide in Fujian Province are surveyed andanalyzed. Then, the reasons of the existing problems of environmental-economic managementof pesticide in China are indicated from two aspects of systems and technology. Theapocalypses of environmental-economic management of pesticide in china are elicited basedon reviewing environmental-economic management of pesticide in developed countries. Inthe following, the policies of environmental-economic management of pesticide are conceived,further more, the index system of environmental-economic management of pesticide policiesevaluation are established, and comprehensive evaluation methods are given.Well then, what kind of policy instruments can be used for environmental-economic management of pesticide. What research progress home and abroad they have. As the starting point for this research, the policy instruments used for environmental-economic management of pesticide include comanding and controling instruments, market-based instruments and other nstruments, then, the research progress of environmental-economic management of pesticide home and abroad are expatiated from four aspects of policy design, policy evaluation, the behavior analysis on the main stakeholders, pesticide environmental risk assessment and economic evaluation. In order to find out the existing problems of environmental-economic management of pesticide in China, the benefits and defects of pesticides in plant protection are evaluated, the fact that the problem of pesticide contamination is not a question of pesticides, but of human utilizing is educed. Then the general situation of environmental-economic management of pesticide in China is expounded respectively from three areas of the laws and regulations, pesticide management system and the policies and measures, and the existing problems of environmental-economic management of pesticide in China are the lack of proper laws and regulations, no sufficient sound law enforcement system, shortcomings in the management system, management problems, no perfect pesticide-related technology extension system, insufficient capital investment, the weak foundation work of science and technology.In order to understand fully the existing problems of environmental-economic management of pesticide in China,the actors' behaviors of environmental-economic management of pesticide are analyzed using game theory. The result of the complete information static game analysis between government and pesticide dealers shows that the mixed strategy Nash Equilibrium of the government and pesticide dealers is , the probability of decision-making of government is , theprobability of decision-making of pesticide dealers is , the frequency of inspections and the costs of the inspection of government and the fine of government to pesticide dealers saling high toxicity pesticide have great impact on the probability of pesticide dealers saling high toxicity pesticide; the result of the complete information dynamic game analysis between government and pesticide manufacturer enterprises shows that the mixed strategy Nash Equilibrium of the government and pesticide manufacturer enterprises , indicatingthat reducing the pollution controlling costs of pesticide manufacturer enterprises and the cost of the inspection of government, increasing the fines of illegally sewaging pesticide manufacturer enterprises' bribery and the government abusing of power, will benefit pesticide manufacturer enterprises controlling pesticide pollution, the increasing of the frequency of inspections of government , the reducing of the probability of pesticide manufacturers enterprises bribery and government abusing of power. The result of incomplete information static game analysis between government and fanners shows that sub-optimal configuration project is an effective project for the government ensuring the effective implement of taxes or subsidies policy (impose taxes on those farmers who use highly toxic pesticides, and subsidize those farmers who use non-pollution or green pesticide);the result of incomplete information dynamic game analysis between fanners and consumers shows that, in fully competitive market conditions, as the asymmetry information between farmers and consumers, adverse selection will lead to all agricultural products of Withdraw the market, and ultimately the market balance will be "Lemon market" of (bad, bad). Therefore, the government should strengthen the pesticide residue detection system of agricultural products and the labelling system improvement of non-pollution agricultural product, organic agricultural product and green agricultural product, in order to provide consumers with the market information of non-pollution agricultural product, organic agricultural product and green agricultural product timely.Through these theoretical analysis, the existing problems of the actors' behaviors ofenvironmental-economic management of pesticide in China can be elicited, then, what aboutthese actors to do in practice. The actors' behaviour of environmental-economic managementof pesticide in Fujian Province are surveyed and analyzed in this article. Firstly, the farmers'behaviour of environmental-economic management of pesticide in Fujian Province aresurveyed and analyzed. The following parts are the results. Firstly, most farmers considerfirstly the pesticide's prevention and cure effect in purchasing pesticide, and use pesticidesdepending on their experience. Secondly, they have a certain degree of recognition ofchemical pesticide pollution and endanger, the majority of farmers take security measureswhen they use pesticides, and they have a certain understanding on pesticide safety interval.Howerer, the disposal methods of pesticide package and waste is improper. Althoughsubsidize instruments has incentive effect to farmers using non- pollution pesticide or greenpesticide, tax charge of pesticide pollution is feasibile, the combination of the subsidy andtaxation instruments will be better. Then, the influential factors of the willingness to pay thepesticide pollution tax of the fanners is analysed by applying two Category logistic model.The results show that, farmers whether adopting security measures or not when sprayingpesticide (x₉), pesticide dealers whether telling farmers security measures or not when usingpesticide (x₁₄), and the disposal methods of pesticide package and waste or not (x₁₅) reaching1% significant level of statistical test, the age of farmers (x₁), the education degree of farmers(x₂), land fragmentation rate (x₅) and pesticide residues (x₁₁) reaching 5% significance level of statistical test, the scale of operation (x₄) and the durative of land use rights (x₆) achieving 10% significant level of statistical test, indicating the nine variables above is significant to the willingness to pay the pesticide pollution tax of farmers. Secondly, the pesticide dealers' behaviour of environmental-economic management of pesticide in Zhangzhou City and Longyan City are surveyed and analyzed. The results are showed as followed. Most problems pesticide dealers encountered are unfair competition between craft brothers. The overwhelming majority of pesticide dealers can tell farmers the knowledge about pesticide using and plant protection when saling the pesticides. The majority of pesticide dealers recommend pesticides with much more pesticides than the standard quantity of the instructions. Pesticide dealers have an important impact on the purchasing behaviour of the farmers. Most pesticide dealers have recognized the hazards to environment and human health of chemical pesticides, however, they haven't an optimistic attitude on the taxation, but have an optimistic attitude on the subsidy. Thirdly, the behaviour of the consumers of agricultural product in environmental-economic management of pesticide in Zhangzhou City and Longyan City are surveyed and analyzed. The result shows that, the majority of consumers in rural areas have heard of safe vegetables, but the degree of it's understanding is lower. However, the consumers have stronger desire to buy safe vegetables.In order to research the reasons of the existing problems of environmental-economic management of pesticide in China, the reasons from two aspects of system and technology are analyzed. From the system aspect, market failure and government failure exist in environmental-economic management of pesticide in China. The main reasons of market failure inlude the bounded rationality of the relevant stakeholders of environmental-economic management of pesticide, the asymmetric information of pesticide pollution, the negative externality of pesticide pollution, the attribute of the public goods of environmental-economic management of pesticide and the immaturity of the market of the ecological environment and natural resources. The reasons of the government failure contain the delay of environmental-economic management of pesticide policies, the incomplete information of the policies of environmental-economic management of pesticide formulated by government, the rent behaviour of environmental-economic management of pesticide subject, the price distortions caused by government's unreasonable interference to the market, and local protectionism. From the technical aspect, the reasons are in the following part. Researching and developing capability of the pesticide is weak. The technology of detection and degradation pesticides residues and the rules of pesticide environmental behaviours need to be more researched, the pesticide equipment and the technology of the use of pesticide are backward.In order to solve the existing problems of environmental-economic management of pesticide in China, according to the apocalypses of environmental-economic management of pesticide in china are elicited based on reviewing environmental-economic management ofpesticide in developed countries, the policies of environmental-economic management ofpesticide are conceived, further more, the index system of environmental-economicmanagement of pesticide policies evaluation are established, and comprehensive evaluationmethods are given. In the first place, the laws and regulations, the management systems andthe management policies of pesticide of United States, Japan and EU are reviewedrespectively, the perfect of laws and regulations, the optimization of management system andthe flexible application of multifarious instruments of environmental-economic managementof pesticide in the developed countries enlighten environmental-economic management ofpesticide in China. And then, the policies of environmental-economic management ofpesticide are conceived for different actors, the policies for those pesticide manufactureenterprises include comanding and controling instrument, pollution charge, marketablepollution permit, the subsidy and the engaging of the public; the policies for pesticide dealersinclude the standard, the ban, the permit, the tax, the subsidie, the educational instrument; thepolicies for farmers include comanding and controling instruments, the tax, the subsidy, thedeposit - return system, the voluntary method, the educational instrument; the policies forconsumers of agricultural product include the educational instrument and the engaging of thepublic. And the applicability and the feasibility of these policies are analysed. Finally,comprehensive evaluation index system on the effects of environmental-economicmanagement of pesticide policies is constructed, the index weights are confirmed withAHP-method, the importance taxis is presented based on the index weights. And theevaluation methods of horizontal and vertical evaluation are presented. Supported by the data,this index system can be used for the actual evaluation, the results can be used for thearranging of the evaluated objects, the effects of environmental-economic management ofpesticide policies of the different regions or different years, it can be benefit of finding out theexisting problems of environmental-economic management of pesticide and analysing itscauses for governor, then order to improve the effect of environmental-economic managementof pesticide policies.