| Organic fertilizer can not only improve the soil quality,but also realize the resource utilization of livestock manure,straw and other agricultural by-products.Organic fertilizer application technology in tea garden is the main component of tea fertilizer technology,and it is also one of the important ways to reduce the application of chemical fertilizer in tea garden.At the same time,it can also provide reference for the application technology of acid soil fertilizer.In this paper,to provide some parameters for the establishment of the tea garden organic fertilizer application technology,through the national soil survey,the pot experiment,the national multipoint field experiments and the long-term experiment,the present situation of soil organic matter content in tea garden was clarified,and the response of tea trees in production plantation and young tea plantation to different organic fertilizer application ratio and organic fertilizer type were studied.The main research results are as follows:1.The average soil organic matter content of tea plantations in 16 provinces and cities in China was23.0 g/kg,lower than farmland(24.8 g/kg).The soil organic matter content of 50% of the tea plantations did not reach the level 3 standard(20 g/kg),and 80% of the tea plantations did not reach the level 2standard(30 g/kg).Among the 16 provinces and cities,Shandong,Shaanxi,Henan and Jiangsu suffered the most serious lack of soil organic matter,followed by Guangdong,Jiangxi,Guizhou and Hunan.2.Under pot experiment,the tea yield and quality of young tea trees were different with different proportion ratio of organic fertilizer.Under the same nitrogen nutrient input,the tea yield under single organic fertilizer(30% replacement ratio)was lower than that under organic fertilizer proportion ratio of30% and single chemical fertilizer(0% replacement ratio).The amino acid content of single organic fertilizer(100% replacement ratio)was the lowest,followed by organic fertilizer replacing 30%,single chemical fertilizer(0% replacement ratio)was the highest.The effect of substitute proportion of organic fertilizer on soil varies with different types of organic fertilizer.The soil p H increased with the increase of substitute proportion of chicken manure.There was no significant difference in soil p H among different substitute proportion of rapeseed cake fertilizer.The effect of different organic fertilizers was different with the proportion of organic fertilizer replacing chemical fertilizer.Under 30% organic fertilizer replacing ratio,rapeseed cake fertilizer and chicken manure fertilizer had the same effect in improving the yield,quality,nutrient absorption and soil physical and chemical properties of tea tree.Under the treatment of 100% organic fertilizer,the effect of chicken manure was better than rapeseed cake fertilizer in increasing soil p H,available phosphorus and available potassium content,but there was no significant difference in tea yield and quality between chicken manure and rapeseed cake fertilizer.3.During the period of 2017-2020,the result of the four field experiments carried out with different proportion of organic fertilizer replacing chemical fertilizer in Lishui of zhejiang,Puer of Yunnan,Wanzhou of Chongqing and Zunyi of Guizhou showed different organic fertilizer replacement ratio had significant effects on tea yield and quality,but varied with tea plantation and fertilization year.There was no difference in the tea yield in the second year and the third year under different organic fertilizer replacement ratio treatments in Lishui Tea Garden,while in Chongqing Tea Garden,the tea yield in the second year under single chemical fertilizer(0% organic fertilizer replacement ratio)treatment was significantly higher than that under 30% organic fertilizer replacement ratio and pure organic fertilizer replacement ratio(100% organic fertilizer replacement ratio).The result of the four field experiments carried out with different typies of organic fertilizer in Rizhao of Shandong,Anqing of Anhui,Hangzhou of Zhejiang and Quanzhou of Fujian,showed that under the treatment of 30% organic fertilizer instead of chemical fertilizer,different kinds of organic fertilizer were applied in different plots and different years.In North China tea plantation amino acid content was higher when bean cake fertilizer was applied,in South of Yangtze and South China tea plantation amino acid content was higher when cattle manure was applied.The yield of tea in South of Yangtze was higher when pig manure was applied,and that of South China tea gardens was higher when chicken manure was applied.4.The result of long-term located experiment showed that the tea yield of oolong tea decreased with the increase of organic fertilizer ratio.The tea yield was the highest when organic fertilizer replaced25% chemical fertilizer,which reached the same level as that of single chemical fertilizer.There were no significant differences among the evaluation results of national standard method for oolong tea production,water extract,tea polyphenols,amino acids and caffeine contents with different organic fertilizer replacement ratio,and no significant differences in major catechin components.There was no significant difference in theanine content among all treatments.The contents of glutamate,serine,asparagine and aspartic acid were higher under the combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers(75%,50% and 25% of organic fertilizer substituted for chemical fertilizer)than those under the combination of pure organic fertilizer or chemical fertilizer.At the dosage of 300 kg N/hm2,the comprehensive results of tea yield and quality showed that 25% organic fertilizer was the best substitute for inorganic fertilizer in the production of oolong tea.5.The results of long-term located experiment of different organic fertilizers showed that under the condition of 100% organic fertilizer application,there was no significant difference in tea yield and quality among different organic fertilizers for 4 years,but the nitrogen concentration in tea leaves under rapeseed cake fertilizer treatment was significantly higher than that of chicken manure,pig manure and cattle manure.After 4 years of treatment with different organic fertilizers,there were significant differences in soil physical and chemical properties.The results showed that under the treatment with rapeseed cake fertilizer,the content of soil inorganic nitrogen was higher than that of pig manure,chicken manure and cattle manure,while p H,the contents of available phosphorus and available potassium were lower than that of pig manure,chicken manure and cattle manure.The changes of soil p H and available nutrient content led to the diversity of microbial community in soil.The results showed that the rapeseed cake fertilizer treatment was significantly lower than that of pig manure,chicken manure and cattle manure.6.The field experiment results showed that the application of biochar with chicken manure could not only improve the quality of tea shoots,but also improve the soil quality of tea plantation.Adding biochar to the application of chicken manure resulted in higher amino acid content of tea leaves than that of pure chicken manure and pure chemical fertilizer,higher nutrient content of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium in soil,and higher diversity of soil bacterial community than that of pure chemical fertilizer.Correlation analysis showed that soil nutrient status was the main factor affecting tea quality.In conclusion,the soil organic matter content of tea gardens in China was lower than that of cropland,and the application of organic fertilizer should be strengthened to improve the soil organic matter content of tea gardens.The types and application ratio of organic fertilizer in tea gardens will affect the yield and quality of tea and the soil of tea gardens.Different types of organic fertilizer application effects differ due to the proportion of organic fertilizer replacing chemical fertilizer.Under the application form of organic fertilizer replacing ratio 30%,pot experiment showed that there was no significant difference between the application effects of chicken manure and rapeseed cake fertilizer.However,under the condition of field experiment,there were differences in the quality of tea leaves among batches treated with different types of organic fertilizer.For example,the amino acid content of tea leaves in the first year of soybean cake fertilizer treatment was significantly higher than that of pig manure,cow manure and sheep manure treatment in Rizhao Tea Garden,Shandong Province,when different organic fertilizers were applied at the 30% replacement ratio of organic manure.Under 100%organic fertilizer treatment,pot experiment results showed that rapeseed cake fertilizer and chicken manure had the same effect on the yield and quality of tea tree,while field experiment results showed that rapeseed cake fertilizer had the same effect with pig manure,chicken manure and cattle manure.Different kinds of organic fertilizers had different effects on soil of tea garden.The pot experiment and field experiment showed that the soil p H of tea garden was significantly increased by applying chicken manure compared with rapeseed cake fertilizer.The results of pot and field experiments showed that the yield and quality of tea treated with 100% organic fertilizer were lower than those treated with combined and single chemical fertilizer.The application of 100% organic fertilizer could not increase the yield and improve the quality of some tea trees.Therefore,pure organic fertilizer should be used with caution in tea gardens. |
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