Study On Genetic Diversity Of Asian Domestic Horse Examples From Chinese And Mongolian Populations

Throughout human history,the horse(Equus ferus caballus)was often involved in cultural exchanges and the development of various human societies.Human activities has directly and indirectly impacted the evolution of domestic horses,especially since the industrial revolution.Landrace horse breeds show diversity in nearly all traits,which indicates that the multiple origins of diversity and these horse breeds have now become a valuable genetic resource for future generations.The Genetic diversity within Landrace horse breeds changes over time,it is greatly affected by breeding patterns;In the past 300 years,standardized horse breeds have been bred that highlight prominent phenotypes,which has affected landrace horses at the genetic diversity.This impaction can lead to a reduction in genetic variation or genetic differentiation and there are concerns that the landrace breeds are at risk of genetic swamping.Here we sequenced the whole genome of70 horses(including 10 elite Mongolian race horses)from Five East Asian horse breeds(Hequ horse,Tibetan horse,Southwest horse,Mongolian horse,and Kazakh horse),two west Asian breeds(Arabian horse,Akhal-Teke),and two European breeds(Shetland pony,Clydesdale)respectively,and incorporated 100 published Mongolian horses SNPs dataset to investigate the genetic diversity of the Asian landrace horse breeds.our results suggest that the East Asian landrace horse breeds have significant genetic differentiation and higher genetic diversity compared with non-East Asian horse breeds.Mongolian horse populations have the highest genetic diversity and displayed genetic differentiation between the Mongolian horse subpopulations.admixture analysis results in less observed introgression on the Hequ horse and Tibetan horse.In the elite Mongolian racehorse genome region,selected genes related to muscle development and exercise metabolism(AMPD1,BCAS2,etc.)The Y chromosome diversity of 77 male horses from Mongolia was investigated by genotyping 26 genetic markers,taking advantage of the publicly available data,Y chromosome haplotypes were inferred for 28 markers.The minority of Mongolian male horses had modern paternal horse lineages,reflecting recent documented attempts at malebased genetic improvement from Europe and other countries.Since the majority of Mongolian horse haplotypes were at the roots of branches,it is likely that they have retained ancient paternal lineages that have not previously been described in extant horse populations.The assessment and evaluation of the evolution characteristics and distribution of genetic diversity in landrace horse breeds are of crucial importance for establishing the right conservation populations and for breeding strategies.