| Three-dimensional printing,also known as additive manufacturing,refers to the technology of manufacturing solid parts using discrete material(Liquid,powder,silk,sheet,board,block,etc.)layer-by-layer accumulation principle based on 3D CAD design data.Due to the variety of wildlifes,large differences in biological characteristics,and the scarcity of numbers,many wildlifes lack proper medical equipment in the medical process,resulting in poor healing results.With the development of 3D printing technology,it provides opportunities for personalized customization of wildlife medicine and also helps the wildlife protection in zoo.There were four parrots and one Grus japonensis with defective upper beak were found in a zoo in Nanjing,resulting in difficulty in feeding and one Grus japonensis with missing middle tarsometatarsus,leading to difficulty in walking.Through the development of the overall plan,the sample 3D scan was used to obtain the modeling data.we formulated the scheme,and preliminary data were obtained by 3D scanning specimens.It is converted into STL format for 3D printing,and maked the fake beaks and prosthesis by 3D printing.All 6 cases were operated on.After surgery,the evaluations were carried out.1 The case of application of three-dimensional printing photosensitive resin false beak for parrot’s beak treatment In this study,four parrots with different degrees of upper beak defect were treated.Through the formulation of the overall scheme,the data were collected by 3D scanning the specimens,measuring of actual broken ends and turning over moulds of soft pottery.Then the data of parrot beak modeling was obtained after Geomagic Design X trimming and editing,and the photosensitive resin false beak was printed in 3D Print.After operation,each case was evaluated in terms of food intake,drinking water and the firmness of false beak fixation.The results showed that the 3D modeling data were more accurate and it make less stressful to animals.All these 4 cases were operated on by butt splicing.The photosensitive resin prosthetic beak is suitable in weight,reasonable in shape and in good agreement with the broken beak.Except case 1,all the other 3 cases resumed eating and drinking behavior within one week without side effects.Bone nail plus dental glue is a better fixation method.The photosensitive resin parrot false beak was 3D printed by"docking method" to make it simple and easy to operate.It can make quick postoperative recovery and safely after operation.It provides a new and effective treatment for parrot beak amputation.2 The case of application of three-dimensional printing titanium alloy and peek for the Grus japonensis ’s beak treatment In this study,a Grus japonensis with a defect of Pre-maxillary bone in the upper beak was used for 3D printing and surgical installation of titanium alloy and poly ether ether ketone(PEEK)artificial beak.The weight,color,microstructure and mechanical properties of the two kinds of beaks were tested.After operation,the degree of false beak firmness,behavior changes and side effects of Grus japonensis were evaluated.The results showed that the quality of false beak that made by titanium alloy printed by 3D printed was 30.81 g,and the quality of PEEK false beak is 5.9g.The color of PEEK false beak is closer to Grus japonensis beak color.By Scanning electron microscopy(SEM),it can be seen that there are many irregular papillary granules of different sizes and arrangement,and many small cracks of unequal thickness and distribution,and some irregular pits in the Grus japonensis at 1900 times.Titanium alloy structure is very compact,PEEK material surface has many powders,rocky peak bulge,small pit-like grooves.The stiffness of titanium alloy false beak is 1748 100 N/m,the load at the upper yield point is 5395.4 N,the load at the lower yield point is 1422.5 N.The PEEK false beak stiffness is 34147 N/m,the load at the upper yield point is 147.67 N,and the load at the lower yield point is 38.211 N.After operation,The titanium alloy prosthes was loosened and dropped many times.The coracoid body of Grus japonensis showed marked softening of keratin.The corners of the Grus japonensis beak soften.The foraging behavior of this cranes was significantly different from that of normal cranes(P<0.01).The foraging frequency was very low in 9 days after operation,and then increased gradually.There was significant difference in grooming behavior(P<0.05),and the frequency of grooming was less than that of normal cranes.The PEEK prosthes wasn’t loosened and no softening of cornea were observed after operation.There was no statistical difference in foraging and grooming behavior(P>0.05).This study is the first time to install titanium alloy and polyether ether ketone 3D printing fake beak for Grus japonensis.It is the first time for Grus japonensis to install polyether ether ketone(PEEK)3D printing false beak with masks for beak-breaking.Compared with the two materials,PEEK prosthetic beak is closer to Grus japonensis’s true beak in weight,color and microstructure than titanium alloy.It has strong operability,high firmness,good adaptability,fast recovery and no side effects after operation.It is superior to titanium alloy prosthetic beak.There are differences in the microstructures between them and the beak of crane.PEEK material is more beneficial to restore the biological characteristics of Grus japonensis than titanium alloy,which can provide reference for wildlife prosthesis technology in vitro.3 Three-dimensional printing artificial tooth for repairing Macaca mulatta teeth In this study,a Macaca mulatta with missing maxillary central incisor was examined by CT.After 3D scanning,the Co-Cr artificial tooth was printed in 3D.The Macaca mulatta was equipped with an 3D printed Co-Cr artificial tooth,and evaluated after the operation.The results showed that confirmed the fixed bridge restoration plan by CT examination,and 3D scanning printing artificial tooth was more accurate.Postoperatively,it was found that the fixed bridge did n’t loosen or deform,and it was close to the neck of the abutment teeth with appropriate edge extension,good adjacent relationship,coordinated occlusion and no become warped dynamic in one year after operation.The relationship between fixed bridge and gingiva was good,and no periodontitis occurred.The types of food intake increased significantly and the chewing behavior was normal.The body weight fluctuated slightly and the intake increased significantly(P<0.05).This study reports for the first time the treatment of a Macaca mulatta with missing maxillary central incisor by using 3D printing artificial tooth technology.The effect is good and worth popularizing.4 Trial case study of Grus japonensis ’s tarsometatarsal prosthesis with 3D printing The artificial limbs were designed for a Grus japonensis with missing middle tarsometatarsus.The resin prosthesis was made by 3D printing technology,and its effect was evaluated after wearing.The results showed,after wearing the prosthesis of Grus japonensis,that the length and width of the scaffolds were smaller than the actual size,which made the prosthesis unable to be installed.At the same time,it was found that the toes would poke to the Grus japonensis chest when he lay down.After wearing the modified prosthesis,it can basically meet the crane requirements of standing.But shortly after walking,the scaffold near the sleeve was broken.To sum up,the tarsometatarsal prosthesis of the Grus japonensis can meet the requirements of standing and walking of the Grus japonensis,and is fixed firmly at the same time,but the Resin material is not hard enough,which provides the possibility of personalized customization for the Grus japonensis prosthesis.This option can only be used as an alternative.At present,3D printing technology is mainly used in veterinary assistant teaching,but it is seldom used in veterinary treatment.The 3D printed pseudobeaks of parrots and Grus japonensis can help birds to resume their feeding.It provides an effective and feasible treatment for beak birds.This paper compares the characteristics of titanium alloy and PEEK material on the false beak of Grus japonensis,develops the tarsometatarsal prosthesis of Grus japonensis,and carries out the dental restoration on the Macaca mulatta with missing mandibular central incisor.The above innovative cases lay the foundation for the further application of 3D printing technology in wildlife surgery,and help to improve the level of wildlife welfare in zoo. |
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