The Primary Study On The Question Of Local Social Public Security In Song Dynasty

Public Security is an epichorial science and conception in China and the Study of the History of Public Security in China is a new specialized study. Song Dynasty serves as a connecting link between the preceding and the following in the Chinese history of Public Security.By now, A series of studies of public security in the Captital of Song Dynasty have been conducted in the academic world,however, few on the local security has been done.Among these achievements of the study of the history of public security,most stressed on the institute or legal names of crimes,but the study of crime should be paid more attention since it serves as the premise of studying pattern in which crime and improvement are mostly concrened.The synthetic analysis by use of modern public security theory for reference and absorbing the fruits gained from the study of Song Dynasty, will be an approach for leading the study of local public security in Song Dynasty to be profound.Many kinds of crimes affecting the local security exsited in the local community of Song Dynasty. Robbery was the most common crime in Chinese feudal society, which also seriously impacted the feudal security most. It was a frequently-occurred crime in Song Dynasty, inclining to be collectivized and politicalized. The subjects of crime were characteristic of the diversity of the profession. For instance, piracy was a significant type of robberies in South Song Dynasty. Besides, some soldiers became robbers in Song Dynasty and the soldier commiting crimes was called armyrobber. It was a striking social problem that the soldiers bullyed the public and the striking feature of the robbery in Song Dynasty was that ordinary robbers were connected with soldier robbers.Illegal dealing of salt was a typical smuggling crime,which was a serious problem in Song Dynasty. It took place in many areas in terms of production, transportation and marketing,featuring being armed and grouped. fraud predominated the business in Song Dynasty,marked by counterfeit and shoddy products,false coin and contract. The secret religious crimes spreaded widely in regions and inclined to be grouped.Local tyrant crimes are characterised by crually imperiling the common people,opposing the government and colluding with local malfeasants. Idlers often bullyed and imperiled local people,as the main body of the suject of crimes such as blackmail,charge,fraud and stealing. In addtion,gambling prevailed in Song Dynasty,causing serious social prombles. We can find ou many aspects about crimes in Song Dynasty from the book Outlaws of the Marsh. The ruler in Song Dynasty projected top-down prevention system to maintain the loal security. Military deployment stressed on the pattern of interacting from the inner to the outer.recruiting soldiers in bad years and absorbing criminals into the army,which were included in the recruit institution,exerting great effects on the local security. The heavy law for particular area and the heavy law for special robbers were two special laws used to crack down political crimes and penal crimes for North Song Dynasty, and were also penal administrative policies for maintaining social security during the normal time. The institution of Xiangfang,used for administrative division of the urban area, caused the transformation of the pattern of urban security. However, the situation of the local urban security were not estimated and well prepared. The instiution of Baojia, which served for domiciliary control, patrol at night and so forth, tended to be militarized. The ruler of Dong Dynasty adopted penalty deterism for crime prevention, making the penalties more amd more cruel,such as the penalty of Lingchi and Chipei. Besides, Song Dynasty is one period in Chinese history when the policy of amnesty and enlistment to rebels were frequently implemented.Officials at all levels in Song Dynasty took responsibility for maintaining local security. The local civil officals took charge of the army. Both judicial commissioner and surveillance commissioner shouldered the duty of maintaining social order and security. In additon, The provincial officials and the county officials took more important responsibility for social security.The local officials domesticated the public by means of publicising decrees,lawsuits, precept and local rules.Two organs functioning as the police system were founded in Song Dynasty,one of which was Xunjingsi, the other of which was Xinweisi.The former were gratually deployed in the organizations at the grass-roots level,which mainly aimed at maintaining security,and they had no jurisdiction but arrestment,marking the beginning of the specialization of the police in Chinese history; the latter took charge of different security forces and they had some division of work during the patrol and arrestmentIn Song Dynasty, the ruler strengthened the prevention for the loal security administration,adhering to the policy of circumvallation-destroying the wall rather than mending the wall,implementing the rule of entering the gate by official certificate as well as the rule of curfew.moreover, the ruler laid much emphasis on the supervision of the hotel industry and the check-in system formed primarily.In addtion,they were rather strict to the management of nongovernmental weapons and forbid civilian to practise martial arts. During the rule of Song Dynasty for three hundred and nineteen years, the general security condition of the society had not been very satisfactory.the rebel of the local people occurred constantly,but it was evidently limited to the local scal and did not last for a long time, which had never existed in any Chinese dynasty.In general, the security policy designed by the ruler of Song Dynasty had effectively prevented all sorts of crimes,restrcting the social contradictions to a bearable degree in the society. From then on, Local armed separation and territory disruption had never appeared in the periods of Yuan, Ming and Qing,the last three dynasties.