Relegation And Literature In The Middle And Late Northern Song Dynasty

Based on the historical background of the late Northern Song Dynasty, this paper tries to study the relationship between the relegation and the literature deeply, during which the development of the revival of the Confucianism, the North-South cultural conflict, the depression of the scholars'psychology and the change of the poetic style are regarded as the main clues of the topic of this paper.The paper is divided into eight chapters. The main contents are as follows:The first chapter gives a brief introduction on the relationship between party struggle and the relegation. At first, the paper revivals the academic motivation of the party struggle and points out that there exists fundamental contradiction between Wang's new academic and the northern academic with Luo xue as its centre. The academic difference between the two sides determined the struggles irreconcilable and intensified the situation. Secondly, the paper divides the middle and late northern Song Dynasty into three periods as Xifeng.Yuanyou.Shaosheng to Huizong toward. Then the paper discusses the situation of the party strugggle and relegation of the three stages separately to outline the corresponding historical profile so as to lay a basis for the following discussion. Thirdly, the paper describes the living condition of the scholars relegated mainly from the aspect of system to reveal the condition that relegation deteriorated with the party struggle becoming worse. The fourth section reveals the reserved trends of the mind of the scholars in the middle and late Northern Song Dynasty. Relegation is one of the important factors which affected the poetic style of the late Song Dynasty.The second chapter discusses the relegation and literature of Xining period and Yuanfeng period. The first section analyzes the relationship between Dao and Shi. As the prime minister, Wang An-shi improved his academic to the dominating position and formed antagonistic relationship with other private academics such as Shuoxue, Luoxue and Shuxue, etc. The second section analyzes the mentality and culture of senior statesmen such as Si Ma-guang. The paper thinks that the main purpose that they retreated to Luoyang is to show a posture against the new laws, so their literature's cultural significance is greater than the literary significance. The third section discusses the scholars'literature relegated to the local gentry from three aspects to reveal their psychological conflicts between concerning the state and dreaming to be a hermit, relying and alienating the royalty. The forth section analyzes the relationship between the relegated scholars and the garden poems, pointing out that the scholars'inward state of mind of the Song Dynasty led to delicate aesthetic and they were more willing to face the quiet images of the garden such as pool and pavilion in the case of being relegated which promoted the prosperity of the garden poems.The third chapter discusses the Wutai poetry case and Su Shi and Su Zhe's relegation. The paper analyzes the cultural meaning of the Wutai poetry case first and points that the Wutai poetry case is the result of the violent conflict between Su Shi's free personality and the cultural tyranny together with the writing method of Chun-Qiu. Then by examining carefully Su Shi's literature, social communication and the state of mind in the case of being relegation, the paper thinks that his state of mind after relegation covers four stages, including depression, reflection, disillusionment, and returning to the original nature. And his survival philosophy and literary concept is acting according to specific condition. While Su Zhe pursued Laozi's philosophy of reduction and reduction which is both the survival philosophy and literary concept, affecting Su Zhe's literature greatly during his relegation in Yun Zhou.The forth chapter mainly discusses relegation and literature in Yuan You period. Firstly the paper analyzes the cultural reason of the Yuan You Restoration and the character of the party struggles of this period, and points out that the fundamental reason of Yuan You Restoration is the cultural conflict between the north and the south, with the conservative party adhering to Confucian values and leading to the moralization of the criticism on the reform party. The second section examines the fact of the Chegai Ting Poem Case for a second time so as to reveal the complexity of the party struggles. The third section discusses the defeat on the reform party during the Yuan You Restoration period. The members of the reform party had loss and reflection, resentment and fear, so their poems showed the plain style under great political pressure. The forth section analyzes the struggle between Luo Dang and Shu Dang, pointing out that although the conservative party was in power, they actually suffered from the double pressure from the internal struggle and the reform party's possible restoration, so their fears were more profound than the reform party. As a result, their poems also show the plain style.The fifth chapter is divided into three sections. Firstly, it generalizes the political condition and the scholars'personality transformation during the Huizong period, pointing out that the intensification of the party struggle resulted in the disillusion of the ideals and the overall fall of the scholars'morality, which urged the fallen scholars reflected and criticized the new party, the new academic and even Confucian culture deeply. The general trend of the scholars'thoughts is turning inward to their own minds and converting to Buddhism. The Buddhist culture spread widely and it was obviously popular in the relegated scholars. This chapter takes four relegated scholars Zheng Xia, Chen Guan, Sou Hao and Su Zhe as examples to analyzes the characters of the Buddhist culture in depth.The sixth chapter mainly analyzes Su Shi and Huang Ting-jian's psychological contradiction in the case of relegation and those aspects of their characters easily overlooked usually, so as to reveal in depth the relationship between relegation and their mentality as well as the essence of the cultural personality. Both Su Shi and Huang Ting-jian pursuit plain poetry style in their late years, while their pursuits contain different cultural meanings. Su Shi's plain style is the outward expression of the life philosophy of "letting it", while Huang Ting-jian's plain style is the reflection of the Confucian view of poetry which reads'blame but not angry, sighing but not sad'. Despite the existence of such differences, their pursuit of plain style both notify the recession of life passion and the decline of the spirit of the times.The seventh and the eighth chapter discusses specifically the mental features and the changes in literary of Su Shi-centered group of poets and the senior statesmen of Yuan You Dynasty in the case of relegation, reveal their common when describing their difference to investigate in depth the relationship between the aesthetic pursuit and the political environment as well as the spirit of the times, so as to reveal the discipline of the development of the literature in the late Northern Song Dynasty.The ninth chapter mainly discusses the development trends of the poets in the late Northern Song Dynasty. Firstly the paper analyzes the communication of Su Shi-centered group poets under the condition of relegation, especially analyzes Su Shi and Huang Ting-jian's different character of communication so as to reveal their different effects on the poetry and the reason of the two people's ups and downs of the status. Secondly explores the relationship between the relegation and the rise of Jiang Xi Poetry School, contacts the trends of the academic that returned to Confucian and takes Chen Shi-dao and Pan Da-lin's poetry choice as the examples to explain why Huang Ting-jian's creation concept and mode become the mainstream of the poetry eventually.