Research On The Construction Of Modern Nation-State In Syria

This dissertation is about the modern nation-state building of Syria. In this dissertation, by using history theory and ethnological theory as a guide, the history of the modern nation-state building of Syria can be divided into French mandate stage (1920-1946), independent exploration stage (1946-1963) and the Ba'ath Party rule stage (1963-present) three stages, and summarizes its characteristics as follows:First, the French mandate stage (1920-1946) is divided into the early French mandate period (1920-1925) and the later French mandate period (1926-1946). The main characteristics of the early French mandate period are:the territory began to be determined; bank, postal, transportation and other economic infrastructure had been set up; structure of ethnic group and ethnic identity changed; the state apparatus and the first party activities began to form; the national struggle broke totally; the wide spread of nationalism, etc. The main characteristics of the later French mandate period are:the establishment of the Syrian national government; the initiation of modern parliamentary democracy; the modernization of the economy; the finalized of the territory and the complement of the independence, etc.Second, the independent exploration stage (1946-1963) is divided into the early independent exploration period (1946-1958) and the later independent exploration period (1958-1963). The main features of the early independent exploration period are:the national-state had its embryonic form, the political system had inherited the French mandate of representative democracy, inherited the representative democracy political system of French mandate periods, enacted the1950constitution; the central bank had been set up, some important sectors of departments had been nationalized, promoted the development of the national economy; the significant change of traditional social structure, the rapid development of urbanization, the great development of the new middle classes; moderate nationalists came to power, the new party rose, state ideology from traditional Islam into nationalism; the three military coups in1949shook the constitutional system, military coups became an important feature of political life. The main features of the later independent exploration period are:the establishment and the dissolution of The United Arab Republic; the implementation of land reform and nationalization policies; frequent military coups and the end of the parliamentary democracy.Third, the Ba'ath Party rule stage (1963-present) is divided into the early Ba'ath Party rule period (1963-1970), the reign of Assad (1970-2000) and the reign of Bashar (2000-present). The main characteristics of the early Ba'ath Party rule period are:the Ba'ath party's dictatorship and the military and political party system had been initially established, the army become a tool that be loyal to the Ba'ath Party; the new left of the Ba'ath Party rose, inner-party contradictions became more acute; the government carried out a radical political, economic policy; the strength of the minorities, army, farmers and the new middle classes further increased. The main characteristics of the reign of Assad are:the reconstruction of the country's political system and the establishment of Assad's personal centralization; party and government combination system further dept; the army as the representative of the violence of the state achieved a high degree of modernization; economic adjustment and reform; became the main national and foreign powers against Israel; promoted the development of ethnic education and culture; while the middle class and intellectual class formed, a pro government "cross class social union" formed at the same time. The main characteristics of the reign of Bashar are:take the contraction of foreign policy, agreed the country's current territory; implementation of the "liberal" economic reform; forming weak authoritarian regime; political deregulation, civil society began an activity; The rise of the movement of Kurdish nationalist.Then, this paper takes the modern nation-state building of Syria as the main line, runs through the course of the study the complex links between the stage and the stage, the various elements that impact the nation-state building of Syria, analyzing and presenting the process and the main features of the nation-state building of Syria, and try to draw the following conclusions:First, as the birthplace of Arab nationalism, the modern nation-state building of Syria has a more profound meaning, and "nationalism" thoughts made a profound impact on the nation-state building of Syria. Second, ethnic, tribal and regional problems in Syria had a complex influence on its modern nation-state building. Third, the Ba'ath Party's rule in Syria has a unique effect on its nation-state building.Overall, the process of the modern nation-state building of Syria is tortuous and complicated, but through the efforts of several generations, the concept of the independent "nation-state" of Syria has been deeply rooted in the hearts of the people, even now Syria has been engulfed fell in the civil war, there is no organization proposed to split Syria. However, Syria failed to properly handle the relationship between the various ethnic groups, sects and classes, without setting up legal system, fair and transparent government management system, there is lots of contradictions in the internal nation-state, there is still a long way to go in the future.